glaucoma and its management.pptx for nursing students

this chapter includes definition, management, include nursing management.

1. MS. PRASANNA.K NURSING TUTOR GANGA COLLEGE OF NURSING COIMBATORE

2. GLAUCOMA

3. INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve. The optic nerve sends visual information from your eye to your brain and is vital for good vision. Damage to the optic nerve is often related to high pressure in your eye. But glaucoma can happen even with normal eye pressure .

4. DEFINITION Glaucoma is a general term used to describe a group of eye disorders that damage your optic nerve. It’s the most common form of optic nerve damage leading to vision loss.

5. TYPES Open angle glaucoma Closed angle glaucoma Normal tension glaucoma Congenital glaucoma

6. Open-angle glaucoma This type is the most common, affecting up to 90% of Americans who have glaucoma. It occurs when resistance builds up in your eye’s drainage canals. Your drainage canals appear to be open and functioning normally. Over months or years, the fluid in your eye can build up and put pressure on your optic nerve. The disease may go unnoticed for years because most people don’t have symptoms.

7. Closed-angle glaucoma Also called angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma, this rare type often comes on suddenly (acute). It occurs when the angle between your iris and cornea is too narrow. It may happen when your pupil changes and becomes too big (dilated) too quickly. This blocks your drainage canals and prevents aqueous fluid from leaving your eye, causing eye pressure to rise. Symptoms, including eye pain and headaches, can be severe and require immediate medical attention.

8. Normal-tension glaucoma As many as 1 in 3 people have optic nerve damage even when eye pressure is normal or not very high. Experts are uncertain about what causes normal-tension glaucoma. Another name for this type is normal-pressure or low-tension glaucoma.

9. Congenital glaucoma Some babies are born with drainage canals that don’t form properly in the womb. Your healthcare provider might notice your baby’s glaucoma symptoms at birth or signs may become noticeable during childhood. Other names for this type are childhood, infantile or pediatric glaucoma.

10. SYMPTOMS The symptoms of glaucoma depend on the type and stage of your condition. Open-angle glaucoma No symptoms in early stages Gradually, patchy blind spots in your side vision. Side vision also is known as peripheral vision In later stages, difficulty seeing things in your central vision Acute angle-closure glaucoma Severe headache Severe eye pain Nausea or vomiting Blurred vision Halos or colored rings around lights Eye redness

11. SYMPTOMS Normal-tension glaucoma No symptoms in early stages Gradually, blurred vision In later stages, loss of side vision Glaucoma in children A dull or cloudy eye (infants) Increased blinking (infants) Tears without crying (infants) Blurred vision Nearsightedness that gets worse Headache

12. SYMPTOMS Pigmentary glaucoma Halos around lights Blurred vision with exercise Gradual loss of side vision

13. CAUSES Glaucoma can occur without any cause, but many factors can affect it. The most important of these factors is intraocular eye pressure . Your eyes produce a fluid called aqueous humor that nourishes them. This liquid flows through your pupil to the front of your eye. In a healthy eye, the fluid leaves through the drainage canals located between your iris and cornea.

14. RISK FACTORS People with diabetes are twice as likely to get glaucoma. Other risk factors include: Family history of glaucoma. Farsightedness or hyperopia (for closed-angle glaucoma). High blood pressure (hypertension and very low blood pressure (hypotension) Long-term use of corticosteroids. Nearsightedness or myopia (for open-angle glaucoma). Previous eye injury or surgery.

15. DIAGNOSIS Dilated eye exam to widen pupils and view your optic nerve at the back of your eyes. Gonioscopy to examine the angle where your iris and cornea meet. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) to look for changes in your optic nerve that may indicate glaucoma. Ocular pressure test (tonometry) to measure eye pressure. Pachymetry to measure corneal thickness. Slit-lamp exam to examine the inside of your eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. Visual acuity test (eye charts) to check for vision loss. Visual field test (perimetry) to check for changes in peripheral vision (your ability to see things off to the side).

16. MEDICAL TREATMENT Dilated eye exam to widen pupils and view your optic nerve at the back of your eyes. Gonioscopy to examine the angle where your iris and cornea meet. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) to look for changes in your optic nerve that may indicate glaucoma. Ocular pressure test (tonometry) to measure eye pressure. Pachymetry to measure corneal thickness. Slit-lamp exam to examine the inside of your eye with a special microscope called a slit lamp. Visual acuity test (eye charts) to check for vision loss. Visual field test (perimetry) to check for changes in peripheral vision (your ability to see things off to the side).

17. SURGERY Laser therapy. Laser trabeculoplasty ( truh -BEK-u-low- plas -tee) is an option if you can't tolerate eye drops. Filtering surgery. This is a surgical procedure called a trabeculectomy . The eye surgeon creates an opening in the white of the eye, which also is known as the sclera. The surgery creates another space for fluid to leave the eye. Drainage tubes. In this procedure, the eye surgeon inserts a small tube in your eye to drain excess fluid to lower eye pressure. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS). Your eye doctor may suggest a MIGS procedure to lower your eye pressure

18. NURSING ASSESSMENT Gradual loss of peripheral vision Increased intraocular pressure Blurred or hazy vision Halos around lights Vision loss or blindness Headaches or eye strain