GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES n climate change.pdf
NamrataKishnani1
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Jul 07, 2024
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About This Presentation
global environmental issues n climate change
Slide Content
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
NAMRATA K
ISSUES
NAMRATA K
An environment is generally defined as the surrounding
or conditions in which a person, animal or plant
survives or operates. Our environment is constantly
changing, and as our environment changes so does the
need to become increasingly aware of the
environmental issues that are causing these changes.
With a massive increase in natural disasters, warming
and cooling periods, weather patterns, people need to be
a lot more cautious with the way they lead their lives in
conjunction with the types of environmental issues our
planet is facing.
Environmental issues are the harmful effects of human
activities on the environment. These include pollution,
over-population, waste disposal, climate change, global
warming, greenhouse effect, etc.
or conditions in which a person, animal or plant
survives or operates. Our environment is constantly
changing, and as our environment changes so does the
need to become increasingly aware of the
environmental issues that are causing these changes.
With a massive increase in natural disasters, warming
and cooling periods, weather patterns, people need to be
a lot more cautious with the way they lead their lives in
conjunction with the types of environmental issues our
planet is facing.
Environmental issues are the harmful effects of human
activities on the environment. These include pollution,
over-population, waste disposal, climate change, global
warming, greenhouse effect, etc.
Humans impact the physical environment in many ways.
Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil
erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. Growth
in the human population leads to added stress on our
resources indiscriminate and irresponsible use of our
natural resources makes it even worse. Large population
means more land under cultivation for food production
and water for irrigation, more fertilizers and pesticides
in the environment. Forests are also cleared to create
space for housing, roads, industries, etc. To meet the
demand of food/housing/ energy, environmental
resources are being depleted at a fast pace. Environment
has the potential to replenish most of its resources over a
certain period of time. However, over-exploitation and
human activities has resulted in many environmental
problems,
Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil
erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. Growth
in the human population leads to added stress on our
resources indiscriminate and irresponsible use of our
natural resources makes it even worse. Large population
means more land under cultivation for food production
and water for irrigation, more fertilizers and pesticides
in the environment. Forests are also cleared to create
space for housing, roads, industries, etc. To meet the
demand of food/housing/ energy, environmental
resources are being depleted at a fast pace. Environment
has the potential to replenish most of its resources over a
certain period of time. However, over-exploitation and
human activities has resulted in many environmental
problems,
Climate Change
Climate change is a great concern in today’s scenario. This problem
has surfaced in the last few decades. Greenhouse gases are the major
cause of climate change. Environmental changes have several
destructive impacts such as the melting of glaciers, change in
seasons, epidemics, etc.
Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the automobiles and
chlorofluorocarbons add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This has led to an increase in earth’s temperature causing
environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe
is known as global warming.
Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer is a layer of concentrated ozone gas. It protects us
from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. This very important layer is
being destroyed by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), which are used in
industries and everyday life (e.g. aerosol cans).
The chlorine in these compounds destroys the ozone layer. The hole in
the ozone layer leaves humans and wildlife exposed to the harmful UV
rays resulting in several skin diseases including cancer.
Climate change is a great concern in today’s scenario. This problem
has surfaced in the last few decades. Greenhouse gases are the major
cause of climate change. Environmental changes have several
destructive impacts such as the melting of glaciers, change in
seasons, epidemics, etc.
Global Warming
The burning of fossil fuels, emissions from the automobiles and
chlorofluorocarbons add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This has led to an increase in earth’s temperature causing
environmental changes. This increase in temperature across the globe
is known as global warming.
Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer is a layer of concentrated ozone gas. It protects us
from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. This very important layer is
being destroyed by CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), which are used in
industries and everyday life (e.g. aerosol cans).
The chlorine in these compounds destroys the ozone layer. The hole in
the ozone layer leaves humans and wildlife exposed to the harmful UV
rays resulting in several skin diseases including cancer.
Air Pollution
It is the result of emissions from
the industries, automobiles, and
increasing use of fossil fuels.
The gaseous emissions have
added to an increase in the
temperature of the earth.
Water Pollution
The introduction of harmful substances into rivers, oceans, lakes and
ponds, which changes the physical, chemical or biological condition of
the water is called water pollution. The polluted water lacks oxygen
and therefore the organisms die.
Solid Waste Management
Solid-waste management is defined as the discipline associated with
the generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of solid waste in a manner that it is not harmful.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the depletion of trees and forests at an alarming rate
which are homes to animals, provide us with oxygen, several raw
materials and also maintain the temperature of the earth.
Overpopulation
The earth’s population is increasing drastically. It is estimated to be
more than seven billion. The increasing population has led to a
shortage of resources. If this continues, it will be very difficult to
sustain such a huge population. The other environmental issues
including pollution, waste management, deforestation, climate change
and global warming are all associated with over-population.
It is the result of emissions from
the industries, automobiles, and
increasing use of fossil fuels.
The gaseous emissions have
added to an increase in the
temperature of the earth.
Water Pollution
The introduction of harmful substances into rivers, oceans, lakes and
ponds, which changes the physical, chemical or biological condition of
the water is called water pollution. The polluted water lacks oxygen
and therefore the organisms die.
Solid Waste Management
Solid-waste management is defined as the discipline associated with
the generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing,
and disposal of solid waste in a manner that it is not harmful.
Deforestation
Deforestation is the depletion of trees and forests at an alarming rate
which are homes to animals, provide us with oxygen, several raw
materials and also maintain the temperature of the earth.
Overpopulation
The earth’s population is increasing drastically. It is estimated to be
more than seven billion. The increasing population has led to a
shortage of resources. If this continues, it will be very difficult to
sustain such a huge population. The other environmental issues
including pollution, waste management, deforestation, climate change
and global warming are all associated with over-population.
Loss of Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the variety of species living in an
ecosystem. The larger the number of species and genetic
variation, the greater is the biodiversity. Due to the
increase in human settlements, many forests are being cut.
This has led to a reduction in the number of plant and
animal species with constantly changing climatic
conditions leading to extinction of many ecosystems and
loss of biodiversity.
Misuse of Natural Resources
The misuse or over-exploitation of natural resources also
has a human impact on the environment. It puts a lot of
stress on the environment to re-create these natural
resources.
Erosion
Another major human impact on
the environment is brought by
Erosion. The deforestation and
littering of the soil make it more
prone to erosion. Due to the
uprooting of trees, the soil
becomes loose and can easily be
carried away by the air or
floods. Erosion is also partially
connected to climate change.
Biodiversity is the variety of species living in an
ecosystem. The larger the number of species and genetic
variation, the greater is the biodiversity. Due to the
increase in human settlements, many forests are being cut.
This has led to a reduction in the number of plant and
animal species with constantly changing climatic
conditions leading to extinction of many ecosystems and
loss of biodiversity.
Misuse of Natural Resources
The misuse or over-exploitation of natural resources also
has a human impact on the environment. It puts a lot of
stress on the environment to re-create these natural
resources.
Erosion
Another major human impact on
the environment is brought by
Erosion. The deforestation and
littering of the soil make it more
prone to erosion. Due to the
uprooting of trees, the soil
becomes loose and can easily be
carried away by the air or
floods. Erosion is also partially
connected to climate change.
Air pollution refers to the release of
pollutants into the air—pollutants which are
detrimental to human health and the planet as
a whole. “Burning fossil fuels releases gases
and chemicals into the air.” creating
destructive feedback loop, air pollution not
only contributes to climate change but is also
exacerbated by it. “Air pollution in the form
of carbon dioxide and methane raises the
earth’s temperature”. Another type of air
pollution, smog, is then worsened by that
increased heat, forming when the weather is
warmer and there’s more ultraviolet
radiation. Climate change also increases the
production of allergenic air pollutants,
including mold and pollen.
According to WHO each year air pollution
is responsible for nearly 7 million deaths
around the globe.
pollutants into the air—pollutants which are
detrimental to human health and the planet as
a whole. “Burning fossil fuels releases gases
and chemicals into the air.” creating
destructive feedback loop, air pollution not
only contributes to climate change but is also
exacerbated by it. “Air pollution in the form
of carbon dioxide and methane raises the
earth’s temperature”. Another type of air
pollution, smog, is then worsened by that
increased heat, forming when the weather is
warmer and there’s more ultraviolet
radiation. Climate change also increases the
production of allergenic air pollutants,
including mold and pollen.
According to WHO each year air pollution
is responsible for nearly 7 million deaths
around the globe.
Sources of Air pollution
Vehicular/Transport Emissions
Industrial Processes
Agriculture- burning of crop residue
Power Plants (increased 50 times in 50 yrs of
freedom)
Waste Treatment and Biomass Burning
Domestic Sector
Construction and Demolition Waste
Video-
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/publication/catalyzing-clea
n-air-in-india
Rajkot (42%) and Pune (30%) are the two cities
where industries play a prominent role in
contributing to the highest amount of PM2.5.
Delhi alone, around 5300 tonne of PM10 and
7550 tonne of PM2.5 are generated every year
from the burning of garbage and other MSW.
Vehicular/Transport Emissions
Industrial Processes
Agriculture- burning of crop residue
Power Plants (increased 50 times in 50 yrs of
freedom)
Waste Treatment and Biomass Burning
Domestic Sector
Construction and Demolition Waste
Video-
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/india/publication/catalyzing-clea
n-air-in-india
Rajkot (42%) and Pune (30%) are the two cities
where industries play a prominent role in
contributing to the highest amount of PM2.5.
Delhi alone, around 5300 tonne of PM10 and
7550 tonne of PM2.5 are generated every year
from the burning of garbage and other MSW.
An extensive body of scientific evidence shows
that long and short-term exposures to fine
particle pollution, also known as fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), can cause
premature death and harmful effects on the
cardiovascular system, including increased
hospital admissions and emergency department
visits for heart attacks and strokes. Scientific
evidence also links to harmful respiratory
effects, including asthma attacks, cause
shortness of breath, aggravate lung diseases,
and cause permanent damage to lungs through
long-term exposure and impaired visibility.
Elevated ozone levels are linked to increases in
hospitalizations, cancers and premature death
apart from environmental damage/ global
warming caused by sulfur dioxide, lead,
carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.
According to WHO India was ranked the
fifth most polluted country by WHO (2019),
in which 21 among the top 30 polluted cities
were in India. The Indian cities, on average,
exceeded the WHO threshold by an
alarming 500%.
that long and short-term exposures to fine
particle pollution, also known as fine
particulate matter (PM2.5), can cause
premature death and harmful effects on the
cardiovascular system, including increased
hospital admissions and emergency department
visits for heart attacks and strokes. Scientific
evidence also links to harmful respiratory
effects, including asthma attacks, cause
shortness of breath, aggravate lung diseases,
and cause permanent damage to lungs through
long-term exposure and impaired visibility.
Elevated ozone levels are linked to increases in
hospitalizations, cancers and premature death
apart from environmental damage/ global
warming caused by sulfur dioxide, lead,
carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.
According to WHO India was ranked the
fifth most polluted country by WHO (2019),
in which 21 among the top 30 polluted cities
were in India. The Indian cities, on average,
exceeded the WHO threshold by an
alarming 500%.
Environmental Effects
Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. These
acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the
atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. These acids fall to the Earth either as wet
precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (gas and particulates) and carried by
the wind. It damages trees and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, making unsuitable
for aquatic and other wildlife. It also speeds the decay of buildings, statues, and
sculptures.
Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients (such
as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and loss of plant
and animal diversity. Although eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of lakes and
some estuaries, human activities can greatly accelerate it, by increasing the rate at which
nutrients enter aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen oxide emission from power plants,
automobiles etc. contribute to the amount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems.
Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. These
acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides released into the
atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. These acids fall to the Earth either as wet
precipitation (rain, snow, or fog) or dry precipitation (gas and particulates) and carried by
the wind. It damages trees and causes soils and water bodies to acidify, making unsuitable
for aquatic and other wildlife. It also speeds the decay of buildings, statues, and
sculptures.
Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations of nutrients (such
as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn can cause fish kills and loss of plant
and animal diversity. Although eutrophication is a natural process in the aging of lakes and
some estuaries, human activities can greatly accelerate it, by increasing the rate at which
nutrients enter aquatic ecosystems. Nitrogen oxide emission from power plants,
automobiles etc. contribute to the amount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems.
Environmental Effects Effects of Acid Rain
Acidic deposition falls in form of wet or dry deposition (dust particles)
When acid rain and dry acidic particles fall to earth, the nitric and
sulfuric acid that make the particles acidic can land on statues,
buildings, and other manmade structures, and damage their surfaces.
The acidic particles corrode metal and cause paint and stone to
deteriorate more quickly. They also dirty the surfaces of buildings and
other structures such as monuments.The consequences are:
●damaged materials that need to be repaired or replaced,
●increased maintenance costs, and
●loss of detail on stone and metal statues, monuments and
tombstones.
Many scientific studies have shown a relationship between these
particles and effects on heart function, such as heart attacks resulting in
death for people with increased heart disease risk, and effects on lung
function, such as breathing difficulties for people with asthma.
Acidic deposition falls in form of wet or dry deposition (dust particles)
When acid rain and dry acidic particles fall to earth, the nitric and
sulfuric acid that make the particles acidic can land on statues,
buildings, and other manmade structures, and damage their surfaces.
The acidic particles corrode metal and cause paint and stone to
deteriorate more quickly. They also dirty the surfaces of buildings and
other structures such as monuments.The consequences are:
●damaged materials that need to be repaired or replaced,
●increased maintenance costs, and
●loss of detail on stone and metal statues, monuments and
tombstones.
Many scientific studies have shown a relationship between these
particles and effects on heart function, such as heart attacks resulting in
death for people with increased heart disease risk, and effects on lung
function, such as breathing difficulties for people with asthma.
Environmental Effects
Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny
pollution particles in the air obscuring the clarity,
color, texture, and form. These are directly emitted by
power plants, industrial facilities, automobiles, and
construction activities.
Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or
deposited on soils or surface waters, impact wildlife -
causing health problems. Long exposure to sufficient
concentrations of air toxics contributes to birth defects,
reproductive failure, and disease in animals/ aquatic
ecosystems. These pollutants accumulate in sediments
and may biomagnify in tissues of animals at the top of
the food chain to concentrations many times higher
than in the water or air.
Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny
pollution particles in the air obscuring the clarity,
color, texture, and form. These are directly emitted by
power plants, industrial facilities, automobiles, and
construction activities.
Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or
deposited on soils or surface waters, impact wildlife -
causing health problems. Long exposure to sufficient
concentrations of air toxics contributes to birth defects,
reproductive failure, and disease in animals/ aquatic
ecosystems. These pollutants accumulate in sediments
and may biomagnify in tissues of animals at the top of
the food chain to concentrations many times higher
than in the water or air.
Environmental Effects
Ozone depletion- Ozone is a gas that occurs both at ground-level and in the Earth's upper
atmosphere, stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a pollutant that can harm human health. In
the stratosphere, however, ozone forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays. But this "good" ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made
chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances- chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, etc. These substances were formerly used and sometimes still are
used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol
propellants. Thinning of the protective ozone layer can cause increased amounts of UV
radiation to reach the Earth, which can lead to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and
impaired immune systems. UV can also damage sensitive crops, such as soybeans, and reduce
crop yields.
Crop and forest damage-Air pollution can damage crops and trees.Ground-level ozone can
lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and
survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and other
environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).
Ozone depletion- Ozone is a gas that occurs both at ground-level and in the Earth's upper
atmosphere, stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a pollutant that can harm human health. In
the stratosphere, however, ozone forms a layer that protects life on earth from the sun's harmful
ultraviolet (UV) rays. But this "good" ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made
chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances- chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, etc. These substances were formerly used and sometimes still are
used in coolants, foaming agents, fire extinguishers, solvents, pesticides, and aerosol
propellants. Thinning of the protective ozone layer can cause increased amounts of UV
radiation to reach the Earth, which can lead to more cases of skin cancer, cataracts, and
impaired immune systems. UV can also damage sensitive crops, such as soybeans, and reduce
crop yields.
Crop and forest damage-Air pollution can damage crops and trees.Ground-level ozone can
lead to reductions in agricultural crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and
survivability of tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and other
environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).
Environmental Effects
Global climate change. The Earth's atmosphere
contains a delicate balance of naturally occurring
gases that trap some of the sun's heat near the
Earth's surface. This "greenhouse effect" keeps the
Earth's temperature stable. Unfortunately, humans
have disturbed this natural balance by producing
large amounts of some of these greenhouse gases
trapping them (carbon dioxide and methane)
causing the Earth's average temperature to rise - a
phenomenon known as global warming. Many
scientists believe that global warming could have
significant impacts on human health, agriculture,
water resources, forests, wildlife, and coastal
areas.
Global climate change. The Earth's atmosphere
contains a delicate balance of naturally occurring
gases that trap some of the sun's heat near the
Earth's surface. This "greenhouse effect" keeps the
Earth's temperature stable. Unfortunately, humans
have disturbed this natural balance by producing
large amounts of some of these greenhouse gases
trapping them (carbon dioxide and methane)
causing the Earth's average temperature to rise - a
phenomenon known as global warming. Many
scientists believe that global warming could have
significant impacts on human health, agriculture,
water resources, forests, wildlife, and coastal
areas.
GLOBAL WARMING - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Larger emissions of greenhouse gases lead to higher
concentrations remaining in air/ atmosphere for a time
period. The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for
electricity and heat is the largest single source of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from industry primarily
involve fossil fuels burned on site at facilities for energy. This
sector also includes emissions from chemical, metallurgical,
and mineral transformation processes not associated with
energy consumption and emissions from waste management
activities. Agriculture (cultivation of crops and livestock) and
deforestation. Road, rail, air, and marine transportation.
Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy comes
from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and diesel.
Buildings or cooking in homes, fuel extraction, refining,
processing, and transportation.
Larger emissions of greenhouse gases lead to higher
concentrations remaining in air/ atmosphere for a time
period. The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for
electricity and heat is the largest single source of global
greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from industry primarily
involve fossil fuels burned on site at facilities for energy. This
sector also includes emissions from chemical, metallurgical,
and mineral transformation processes not associated with
energy consumption and emissions from waste management
activities. Agriculture (cultivation of crops and livestock) and
deforestation. Road, rail, air, and marine transportation.
Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy comes
from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and diesel.
Buildings or cooking in homes, fuel extraction, refining,
processing, and transportation.
GLOBAL WARMING - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Carbon dioxide (CO2): Fossil fuel use is the primary source of
CO2. CO2 can also be emitted from direct human-induced impacts
on forestry and other land use, such as through deforestation, land
clearing for agriculture, and degradation of soils. Likewise, land
can also remove CO2 from the atmosphere through reforestation,
improvement of soils, and other activities.
Methane (CH4): Agricultural activities, waste management, energy
use, and biomass burning all contribute to CH4 emissions.
Nitrous oxide (N2O): Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use,
are the primary source of N2O emissions. Fossil fuel combustion
also generates N2O.
Fluorinated gases (F-gases): Industrial processes, refrigeration, and
the use of a variety of consumer products contribute to emissions of
F-gases, which include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
Carbon dioxide (CO2): Fossil fuel use is the primary source of
CO2. CO2 can also be emitted from direct human-induced impacts
on forestry and other land use, such as through deforestation, land
clearing for agriculture, and degradation of soils. Likewise, land
can also remove CO2 from the atmosphere through reforestation,
improvement of soils, and other activities.
Methane (CH4): Agricultural activities, waste management, energy
use, and biomass burning all contribute to CH4 emissions.
Nitrous oxide (N2O): Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use,
are the primary source of N2O emissions. Fossil fuel combustion
also generates N2O.
Fluorinated gases (F-gases): Industrial processes, refrigeration, and
the use of a variety of consumer products contribute to emissions of
F-gases, which include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).
GLOBAL WARMING - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and
heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas
emissions. Emissions from industry primarily involve fossil
fuels burned on site at facilities for energy. This sector also
includes emissions from chemical, metallurgical, and
mineral transformation processes not associated with
energy consumption and emissions from waste management
activities. Agriculture (cultivation of crops and livestock)
and deforestation. road, rail, air, and marine transportation.
Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy
comes from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and
diesel. buildings or cooking in homes, fuel extraction,
refining, processing, and transportation.
The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and
heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas
emissions. Emissions from industry primarily involve fossil
fuels burned on site at facilities for energy. This sector also
includes emissions from chemical, metallurgical, and
mineral transformation processes not associated with
energy consumption and emissions from waste management
activities. Agriculture (cultivation of crops and livestock)
and deforestation. road, rail, air, and marine transportation.
Almost all (95%) of the world's transportation energy
comes from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and
diesel. buildings or cooking in homes, fuel extraction,
refining, processing, and transportation.
How to Reduce Global Warming - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Increased Efficiency of Fossil-fired Power Plants and Fuel Switching - Increasing the
efficiency of existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by using advanced technologies; substituting
less carbon-intensive fuels; shifting generation from higher-emitting to lower-emitting power
plants.
Converting a coal-fired boiler to use of natural gas, or co-firing natural gas. Converting a
single-cycle gas turbine into a combined-cycle turbine. Shifting dispatch of electric generators to
lower-emitting units or power plants.
Renewable Energy - Using renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuel to generate
electricity. Increasing the share of total electricity generated from wind, solar, hydro, and
geothermal sources, as well as certain biofuel sources, through the addition of new renewable
energy generating capacity.
Increased End-Use Energy Efficiency- Reducing electricity use and peak demand by increasing
energy efficiency and conservation in homes, businesses, and industry.
Increased Efficiency of Fossil-fired Power Plants and Fuel Switching - Increasing the
efficiency of existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by using advanced technologies; substituting
less carbon-intensive fuels; shifting generation from higher-emitting to lower-emitting power
plants.
Converting a coal-fired boiler to use of natural gas, or co-firing natural gas. Converting a
single-cycle gas turbine into a combined-cycle turbine. Shifting dispatch of electric generators to
lower-emitting units or power plants.
Renewable Energy - Using renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuel to generate
electricity. Increasing the share of total electricity generated from wind, solar, hydro, and
geothermal sources, as well as certain biofuel sources, through the addition of new renewable
energy generating capacity.
Increased End-Use Energy Efficiency- Reducing electricity use and peak demand by increasing
energy efficiency and conservation in homes, businesses, and industry.
How to Reduce Global Warming - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Nuclear Energy-Generating electricity from nuclear energy rather than the combustion of fossil
fuels. Extending the life of existing nuclear plants.
Fuel Switching-Using fuels that emit less CO2 than fuels currently being used. Alternative
sources can include biofuels; hydrogen; electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and
solar; or fossil fuels that are less CO2-intensive than the fuels that they replace.
Improving Fuel Efficiency with Advanced Design, Materials, and Technologies -Developing
advanced vehicle technologies such as hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, that can store energy
from braking and use it for power later.Reducing the weight of materials used to build vehicles.
Reducing the aerodynamic resistance of vehicles through better shape design.
Improving Operating Practices-Reducing the average taxi time for aircraft. Driving sensibly.
Improved voyage planning for ships, such as through improved weather routing, to increase fuel
efficiency.
Nuclear Energy-Generating electricity from nuclear energy rather than the combustion of fossil
fuels. Extending the life of existing nuclear plants.
Fuel Switching-Using fuels that emit less CO2 than fuels currently being used. Alternative
sources can include biofuels; hydrogen; electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and
solar; or fossil fuels that are less CO2-intensive than the fuels that they replace.
Improving Fuel Efficiency with Advanced Design, Materials, and Technologies -Developing
advanced vehicle technologies such as hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, that can store energy
from braking and use it for power later.Reducing the weight of materials used to build vehicles.
Reducing the aerodynamic resistance of vehicles through better shape design.
Improving Operating Practices-Reducing the average taxi time for aircraft. Driving sensibly.
Improved voyage planning for ships, such as through improved weather routing, to increase fuel
efficiency.
How to Reduce Global Warming - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Reducing Travel Demand- Employing urban planning for improving public transportation,
sidewalks, and bike paths to increase lower-emission transportation choices. Zoning for mixed
use areas, so that residences, schools, stores, and businesses are close together, reducing the need
for driving.
Land and Crop Management-Adjusting the methods for managing land and growing crops to
avoid land degradation and going for afforestation. Improved grazing management practices on
grassland. Planting after natural or human-induced forest disturbances to accelerate vegetation
growth and minimize soil carbon losses.
Livestock Management-Adjusting feeding practices and other management methods to reduce
the amount of methane resulting from enteric fermentation.
Manure Management-Controlling the way in which manure decomposes to reduce nitrous
oxide and methane emissions. Capturing methane from manure decomposition to produce
renewable energy.
Reducing Travel Demand- Employing urban planning for improving public transportation,
sidewalks, and bike paths to increase lower-emission transportation choices. Zoning for mixed
use areas, so that residences, schools, stores, and businesses are close together, reducing the need
for driving.
Land and Crop Management-Adjusting the methods for managing land and growing crops to
avoid land degradation and going for afforestation. Improved grazing management practices on
grassland. Planting after natural or human-induced forest disturbances to accelerate vegetation
growth and minimize soil carbon losses.
Livestock Management-Adjusting feeding practices and other management methods to reduce
the amount of methane resulting from enteric fermentation.
Manure Management-Controlling the way in which manure decomposes to reduce nitrous
oxide and methane emissions. Capturing methane from manure decomposition to produce
renewable energy.
How to Reduce Global Warming - GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Recycling- Producing industrial products from materials that are recycled or renewable, rather than
producing new products from raw materials. Using scrap steel and scrap aluminum as opposed to
smelting new aluminum or forging new steel.
Training and Awareness- Making companies and workers aware of the steps to reduce or prevent
emissions leaks from equipment. Instituting handling policies and procedures for perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that reduce occurrences of
accidental releases and leaks from containers and equipment.
Homes and Commercial Buildings - Reducing energy use through energy efficiency.Use large
amounts of energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and other functions. "Green building" techniques- to
use less energy. Techniques to improve building energy efficiency include better insulation; more
energy-efficient heating, cooling, ventilation, and refrigeration systems; efficient fluorescent lighting;
passive heating and lighting to take advantage of sunlight; and the purchase of energy-efficient
appliances and electronics.
Waste Management- Reducing solid waste sent to landfills. Capturing and using methane produced in
current landfills. Wastewater Treatment- Making water and wastewater systems more energy-efficient.
Recycling- Producing industrial products from materials that are recycled or renewable, rather than
producing new products from raw materials. Using scrap steel and scrap aluminum as opposed to
smelting new aluminum or forging new steel.
Training and Awareness- Making companies and workers aware of the steps to reduce or prevent
emissions leaks from equipment. Instituting handling policies and procedures for perfluorocarbons
(PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that reduce occurrences of
accidental releases and leaks from containers and equipment.
Homes and Commercial Buildings - Reducing energy use through energy efficiency.Use large
amounts of energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and other functions. "Green building" techniques- to
use less energy. Techniques to improve building energy efficiency include better insulation; more
energy-efficient heating, cooling, ventilation, and refrigeration systems; efficient fluorescent lighting;
passive heating and lighting to take advantage of sunlight; and the purchase of energy-efficient
appliances and electronics.
Waste Management- Reducing solid waste sent to landfills. Capturing and using methane produced in
current landfills. Wastewater Treatment- Making water and wastewater systems more energy-efficient.
Mitigation strategies for emission control in India
The Government of India is envisaging a revision of its the
ambient air quality standards and has strengthened
vehicular and industrial emission standards in recent
years. A strong emphasis on expanding renewable energy,
promoting electric vehicles, and supplying LPG cooking
fuel to millions of households the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
Yojana (PMUY), use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as
an alternative fuel, the odd-even measures implemented
in Delhi, the introduction of Bharat Stage VI vehicle and
fuel standards, are some examples of the actions India is
taking to combat air pollution.
The Government of India’s National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP) is a powerful time bound step in acknowledging
and resolving the problem of deteriorating ambient air
quality.
The Government of India is envisaging a revision of its the
ambient air quality standards and has strengthened
vehicular and industrial emission standards in recent
years. A strong emphasis on expanding renewable energy,
promoting electric vehicles, and supplying LPG cooking
fuel to millions of households the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala
Yojana (PMUY), use of compressed natural gas (CNG) as
an alternative fuel, the odd-even measures implemented
in Delhi, the introduction of Bharat Stage VI vehicle and
fuel standards, are some examples of the actions India is
taking to combat air pollution.
The Government of India’s National Clean Air Programme
(NCAP) is a powerful time bound step in acknowledging
and resolving the problem of deteriorating ambient air
quality.
Mitigation strategies for emission control in India
NCAP is an overall framework for developing air quality
management plans, with guidance on policies across a range of
sectors.
In 2020, based on the recommendations of the 15th Finance
Commission, the Government of India has set aside about $1.7
billion to fight air pollution over the next 5 years for the 42
Indian cities that have million-plus populations – provided they
reduce their air pollution levels by 15% every year. This is the
world’s first performance-based fiscal transfer funding program
for air quality management in cities. Recognizing the need for
concerted cross-jurisdiction and airshed level action and
coordination, India’s Parliament approved a law in August
2021 to establish the Commission of Air Quality Management
in the National Capital Region.
NCAP is an overall framework for developing air quality
management plans, with guidance on policies across a range of
sectors.
In 2020, based on the recommendations of the 15th Finance
Commission, the Government of India has set aside about $1.7
billion to fight air pollution over the next 5 years for the 42
Indian cities that have million-plus populations – provided they
reduce their air pollution levels by 15% every year. This is the
world’s first performance-based fiscal transfer funding program
for air quality management in cities. Recognizing the need for
concerted cross-jurisdiction and airshed level action and
coordination, India’s Parliament approved a law in August
2021 to establish the Commission of Air Quality Management
in the National Capital Region.
Mitigation strategies for emission control in India
The World Bank program introducing tools to support state and
regional air quality management approaches, initiatives like
India’s 1st State Air Quality Action Plans and 1st large
Airshed Action Plan for the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP),
spanning 7 union territories and states to reduce the greatest
amount of air pollution at the lowest cost based on scientific
evidence. Also National Knowledge Network (NKN) in
establishing a training program to enhance the capacity and
skills of citizens to take on new jobs in air pollution
management and align it with India's National Skills
Qualification Framework (NSQF).
The World Bank program introducing tools to support state and
regional air quality management approaches, initiatives like
India’s 1st State Air Quality Action Plans and 1st large
Airshed Action Plan for the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP),
spanning 7 union territories and states to reduce the greatest
amount of air pollution at the lowest cost based on scientific
evidence. Also National Knowledge Network (NKN) in
establishing a training program to enhance the capacity and
skills of citizens to take on new jobs in air pollution
management and align it with India's National Skills
Qualification Framework (NSQF).
Strategy
Energy Efficiency- Improving the insulation of buildings,
traveling in more fuel-efficient vehicles, and using more efficient
electrical appliances are all ways to reduce energy use, and thus
CO2 emissions.
Energy Conservation -Reducing personal energy use by turning
off lights and electronics when not in use reduces electricity
demand. Reducing distance traveled in vehicles reduces
petroleum consumption. Both are ways to reduce energy CO2
emissions through conservation.
Check on fuel combustion and Fuel Switching -Producing more
energy from renewable sources and using fuels with lower
carbon contents are ways to reduce carbon emissions.
Energy Efficiency- Improving the insulation of buildings,
traveling in more fuel-efficient vehicles, and using more efficient
electrical appliances are all ways to reduce energy use, and thus
CO2 emissions.
Energy Conservation -Reducing personal energy use by turning
off lights and electronics when not in use reduces electricity
demand. Reducing distance traveled in vehicles reduces
petroleum consumption. Both are ways to reduce energy CO2
emissions through conservation.
Check on fuel combustion and Fuel Switching -Producing more
energy from renewable sources and using fuels with lower
carbon contents are ways to reduce carbon emissions.
Strategy
Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)- Carbon dioxide capture and
sequestration is a set of technologies that can potentially greatly reduce
CO2 emissions from new and existing coal- and gas-fired power plants,
industrial processes, and other stationary sources of CO2. For example,
capturing CO2 from the stacks of a coal-fired power plant before it enters
the atmosphere, transporting the CO2 via pipeline, and injecting the CO2
deep underground at a carefully selected and suitable subsurface geologic
formation, such as a nearby abandoned oil field, where it is securely
stored.
Changes in Uses of Land and Land Management Practices and Waste
from Homes and Businesses
Reducing Industry emissions - Upgrading the equipment used to produce,
store, and transport oil and natural gas can reduce many of the leaks,
substituting harmful & hazardous materials.
Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)- Carbon dioxide capture and
sequestration is a set of technologies that can potentially greatly reduce
CO2 emissions from new and existing coal- and gas-fired power plants,
industrial processes, and other stationary sources of CO2. For example,
capturing CO2 from the stacks of a coal-fired power plant before it enters
the atmosphere, transporting the CO2 via pipeline, and injecting the CO2
deep underground at a carefully selected and suitable subsurface geologic
formation, such as a nearby abandoned oil field, where it is securely
stored.
Changes in Uses of Land and Land Management Practices and Waste
from Homes and Businesses
Reducing Industry emissions - Upgrading the equipment used to produce,
store, and transport oil and natural gas can reduce many of the leaks,
substituting harmful & hazardous materials.
World Ozone Day is observed
on September 16 every year to
spread awareness among
people about the depletion of
Ozone Layer. This year the
slogan for World Ozone Day is
'Ozone For Life.
Ozone layer reduces harmful
UV radiation reaching the
Earth's surface. The Ozone
layer is present in Earth’s
atmosphere (15-35km above
Earth) in the lower portion of
the stratosphere and has
relatively high concentrations of
ozone (O3).
Ozone layer depletion is the gradual thinning of the earth’s ozone
layer present in the upper atmosphere. Ozone depletion also
consists of a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric
ozone around Earth's polar regions, which is referred to as the
ozone hole.
This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the
atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone
molecules. One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone.
It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.
on September 16 every year to
spread awareness among
people about the depletion of
Ozone Layer. This year the
slogan for World Ozone Day is
'Ozone For Life.
Ozone layer reduces harmful
UV radiation reaching the
Earth's surface. The Ozone
layer is present in Earth’s
atmosphere (15-35km above
Earth) in the lower portion of
the stratosphere and has
relatively high concentrations of
ozone (O3).
Ozone layer depletion is the gradual thinning of the earth’s ozone
layer present in the upper atmosphere. Ozone depletion also
consists of a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric
ozone around Earth's polar regions, which is referred to as the
ozone hole.
This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the
atmosphere come in contact with ozone and destroy the ozone
molecules. One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone.
It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.
History
The largest decreases in
ozone took place in the
high latitudes (toward the
poles), and the smallest
decreases occurred in the
lower latitudes (the
tropics). It decreased
globally by roughly 5
percent between 1970 and
the mid-1990s, with little
change afterward.
In 1969 Dutch chemist Paul Crutzen published a paper that
described the major nitrogen oxide catalytic cycle affecting
ozone levels. Nitrogen oxides can react with free oxygen
atoms, thus slowing the creation of ozone (O
3
), and can also
decompose ozone into nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) and oxygen
gas (O
2
). In 1974, however, American chemists Mario
Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland (University of
California)(Nobel Winners 1995) at Irvine recognized that
human-produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—molecules
containing only carbon, fluorine, and chlorine atoms—could
be a major source of chlorine in the stratosphere. They also
noted that chlorine could destroy extensive amounts of ozone
after it was liberated from CFCs by UV radiation. Later
bromine and certain bromine-containing compounds, such as
bromine monoxide (BrO), were even more effective at
destroying ozone. Subsequent laboratory measurements,
atmospheric measurements, and atmospheric-modeling
studies soon substantiated the importance of their findings.
The largest decreases in
ozone took place in the
high latitudes (toward the
poles), and the smallest
decreases occurred in the
lower latitudes (the
tropics). It decreased
globally by roughly 5
percent between 1970 and
the mid-1990s, with little
change afterward.
In 1969 Dutch chemist Paul Crutzen published a paper that
described the major nitrogen oxide catalytic cycle affecting
ozone levels. Nitrogen oxides can react with free oxygen
atoms, thus slowing the creation of ozone (O
3
), and can also
decompose ozone into nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
) and oxygen
gas (O
2
). In 1974, however, American chemists Mario
Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland (University of
California)(Nobel Winners 1995) at Irvine recognized that
human-produced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)—molecules
containing only carbon, fluorine, and chlorine atoms—could
be a major source of chlorine in the stratosphere. They also
noted that chlorine could destroy extensive amounts of ozone
after it was liberated from CFCs by UV radiation. Later
bromine and certain bromine-containing compounds, such as
bromine monoxide (BrO), were even more effective at
destroying ozone. Subsequent laboratory measurements,
atmospheric measurements, and atmospheric-modeling
studies soon substantiated the importance of their findings.
Causes of Ozone
Layer Depletion
Main cause of ozone depletion and
the ozone hole is manufactured
chemicals, especially
manufactured halocarbon
refrigerants, solvents, propellants,
and foam- blowing agents
(chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
HCFCs, halons). Since the early
1970's, scientists observed
reduction in stratospheric ozone
and it was found more prominent
in Polar Regions. ODS substances
have a lifetime of about 100 years.
Some compounds release chlorine and bromine on exposure to high
ultraviolet light, which then contributes to the ozone layer depletion.
Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
The ozone-depleting substances that contain chlorine include
chlorofluorocarbon, carbon tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons,
and methyl chloroform. Whereas, the ozone-depleting substances that
contain bromine are halons, methyl bromide, and hydro
bromo-fluoro-carbons.
Chlorofluorocarbons are the most abundant ozone-depleting
substance. It is only when the chlorine atom reacts with some other
molecule, it does not react with ozone.
Layer Depletion
Main cause of ozone depletion and
the ozone hole is manufactured
chemicals, especially
manufactured halocarbon
refrigerants, solvents, propellants,
and foam- blowing agents
(chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
HCFCs, halons). Since the early
1970's, scientists observed
reduction in stratospheric ozone
and it was found more prominent
in Polar Regions. ODS substances
have a lifetime of about 100 years.
Some compounds release chlorine and bromine on exposure to high
ultraviolet light, which then contributes to the ozone layer depletion.
Such compounds are known as Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS).
The ozone-depleting substances that contain chlorine include
chlorofluorocarbon, carbon tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons,
and methyl chloroform. Whereas, the ozone-depleting substances that
contain bromine are halons, methyl bromide, and hydro
bromo-fluoro-carbons.
Chlorofluorocarbons are the most abundant ozone-depleting
substance. It is only when the chlorine atom reacts with some other
molecule, it does not react with ozone.
Causes of Ozone layer depletion
Chlorofluorocarbons -Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer
depletion. These are released by solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.
The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are broken down by the ultraviolet
radiations and release chlorine atoms. These atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
Unregulated Rocket Launches- Researches say that the unregulated launching of rockets
result in much more depletion of ozone layer than the CFCs do. If not controlled, this might
result in a huge loss of the ozone layer by the year 2050.
Chlorofluorocarbons -Chlorofluorocarbons or CFCs are the main cause of ozone layer
depletion. These are released by solvents, spray aerosols, refrigerators, air-conditioners, etc.
The molecules of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere are broken down by the ultraviolet
radiations and release chlorine atoms. These atoms react with ozone and destroy it.
Unregulated Rocket Launches- Researches say that the unregulated launching of rockets
result in much more depletion of ozone layer than the CFCs do. If not controlled, this might
result in a huge loss of the ozone layer by the year 2050.
Causes of Ozone layer depletion
Nitrogenous Compounds - The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2, NO, N2O are highly
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
Natural Causes- The ozone layer has been found to be depleted by certain natural processes
such as Sun-spots and stratospheric winds. But it does not cause more than 1-2% of the
ozone layer depletion.. The volcanic eruptions are also responsible for the depletion of the
ozone layer.
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) - “Ozone depleting substances are the substances such
as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, hydrofluorocarbons, etc. that are
responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.”
Nitrogenous Compounds - The nitrogenous compounds such as NO2, NO, N2O are highly
responsible for the depletion of the ozone layer.
Natural Causes- The ozone layer has been found to be depleted by certain natural processes
such as Sun-spots and stratospheric winds. But it does not cause more than 1-2% of the
ozone layer depletion.. The volcanic eruptions are also responsible for the depletion of the
ozone layer.
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) - “Ozone depleting substances are the substances such
as chlorofluorocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, hydrofluorocarbons, etc. that are
responsible for the depletion of ozone layer.”
Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions
with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020
with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020
Harmful effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the human health, animals, environment and
marine life. Studies demonstrate that an increase in UV-B rays causes a higher risk of skin cancer,
plays a major role in malignant melanoma development, sunburns, quick ageing, eye cataracts,
blindness and weakened immune system. Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations also leads to skin
and eye cancer in animals.
UV-B rays negatively affect plants, crops. It may lead to minimal plant growth, smaller leaf size,
flowering and photosynthesis in plants, lower quality crops for humans. And decline in plant
productivity would in turn affect soil erosion and the carbon cycle.
Planktons and zooplankton are greatly affected by the exposure to UV-B rays. These are higher in
the aquatic food chain. If the planktons declines, it would likely have wide-reaching effects for all
marine life in the lower food chain.
Depletion of the ozone layer has harmful effects on the human health, animals, environment and
marine life. Studies demonstrate that an increase in UV-B rays causes a higher risk of skin cancer,
plays a major role in malignant melanoma development, sunburns, quick ageing, eye cataracts,
blindness and weakened immune system. Direct exposure to ultraviolet radiations also leads to skin
and eye cancer in animals.
UV-B rays negatively affect plants, crops. It may lead to minimal plant growth, smaller leaf size,
flowering and photosynthesis in plants, lower quality crops for humans. And decline in plant
productivity would in turn affect soil erosion and the carbon cycle.
Planktons and zooplankton are greatly affected by the exposure to UV-B rays. These are higher in
the aquatic food chain. If the planktons declines, it would likely have wide-reaching effects for all
marine life in the lower food chain.
Effects of ozone layer depletion
Effects on Animals
Direct exposure to ultraviolet
radiations leads to skin and
eye cancer in animals.
Effects on Human Health
The humans will be directly exposed to the harmful
ultraviolet radiations of the sun due to the depletion of the
ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues
among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns,
cataract, quick ageing and weak immune system.
Effects on the Environment
Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth,
flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests also
have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.
Effects on Marine Life
Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful
ultraviolet rays. These are higher in the aquatic food
chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms
present in the food chain are also affected.
Direct exposure to ultraviolet
radiations leads to skin and
eye cancer in animals.
Effects on Human Health
The humans will be directly exposed to the harmful
ultraviolet radiations of the sun due to the depletion of the
ozone layer. This might result in serious health issues
among humans, such as skin diseases, cancer, sunburns,
cataract, quick ageing and weak immune system.
Effects on the Environment
Strong ultraviolet rays may lead to minimal growth,
flowering and photosynthesis in plants. The forests also
have to bear the harmful effects of the ultraviolet rays.
Effects on Marine Life
Planktons are greatly affected by the exposure to harmful
ultraviolet rays. These are higher in the aquatic food
chain. If the planktons are destroyed, the organisms
present in the food chain are also affected.
Montreal Protocol -united 197 countries-
Solution to Ozone layer depletion
The international treaty The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is
gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances to limit their
damage to the earth’s ozone layer in a step-wise manner, with different timetables for developed and
developing countries. The Montreal Protocol is signed by 197 countries – the first treaty in the history
of the United Nations to achieve universal ratification – and is considered most successful
environmental global action.
Every individual should also take steps to prevent the depletion of the ozone layer. One should avoid
using pesticides and shift to natural methods to get rid of pests instead of using chemicals. The
vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming as well as ozone
depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be minimized as much as possible. Most of the
cleaning products have chemicals that affect the ozone layer. We should substitut that with
eco-friendly products. Maintain air conditioners, as their malfunctions cause CFC to escape into the
atmosphere.
Solution to Ozone layer depletion
The international treaty The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is
gradually eliminating the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances to limit their
damage to the earth’s ozone layer in a step-wise manner, with different timetables for developed and
developing countries. The Montreal Protocol is signed by 197 countries – the first treaty in the history
of the United Nations to achieve universal ratification – and is considered most successful
environmental global action.
Every individual should also take steps to prevent the depletion of the ozone layer. One should avoid
using pesticides and shift to natural methods to get rid of pests instead of using chemicals. The
vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that lead to global warming as well as ozone
depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be minimized as much as possible. Most of the
cleaning products have chemicals that affect the ozone layer. We should substitut that with
eco-friendly products. Maintain air conditioners, as their malfunctions cause CFC to escape into the
atmosphere.
Montreal Protocol -united 197 countries-
Solution to Ozone layer depletion
The Multilateral Fund (Fund) was established in 1991 to assist developing countries meet their
Montreal Protocol commitments. To date, the Fund has approved activities including industrial
conversion, technical assistance, training, and capacity building worth over US$3.0 billion. The main
objective of the Fund is to assist developing country parties whose annual ODS consumption falls
below a specified threshold to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.
The UNEP Ozone Secretariat hosts a Data Access Center that reports on ODS data submitted by each
country, including the United States.
The United States is a founding partner of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), a global
effort focused on reducing short-lived climate pollutants across sectors. CCAC partners are currently
supporting the development of HFC inventories and studies, information exchange on policy and
technical issues, demonstration projects to validate and promote climate-friendly alternatives and
technologies, and capacity-building activities to disseminate information on emerging technologies
and practices to transition away from high-GWP HFCs and minimize HFC leakages.
Solution to Ozone layer depletion
The Multilateral Fund (Fund) was established in 1991 to assist developing countries meet their
Montreal Protocol commitments. To date, the Fund has approved activities including industrial
conversion, technical assistance, training, and capacity building worth over US$3.0 billion. The main
objective of the Fund is to assist developing country parties whose annual ODS consumption falls
below a specified threshold to comply with the control measures of the Protocol.
The UNEP Ozone Secretariat hosts a Data Access Center that reports on ODS data submitted by each
country, including the United States.
The United States is a founding partner of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC), a global
effort focused on reducing short-lived climate pollutants across sectors. CCAC partners are currently
supporting the development of HFC inventories and studies, information exchange on policy and
technical issues, demonstration projects to validate and promote climate-friendly alternatives and
technologies, and capacity-building activities to disseminate information on emerging technologies
and practices to transition away from high-GWP HFCs and minimize HFC leakages.
Avoid Using ODS- Reduce the use of ozone depleting substances. E.g. avoid
the use of CFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners, replacing the halon
based fire extinguishers, etc.
Minimise the Use of Vehicles- The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that
lead to global warming as well as ozone depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be
minimised as much as possible.
Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products- Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and
bromine releasing chemicals that find a way into the atmosphere and affect the ozone layer.
These should be substituted with natural products to protect the environment.
Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited- The government should take actions and prohibit
the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is adversely affecting the ozone layer. People should be
made aware of the harmful effects of nitrous oxide and the products emitting the gas so that
its use is minimised at the individual level as well.
the use of CFCs in refrigerators and air conditioners, replacing the halon
based fire extinguishers, etc.
Minimise the Use of Vehicles- The vehicles emit a large amount of greenhouse gases that
lead to global warming as well as ozone depletion. Therefore, the use of vehicles should be
minimised as much as possible.
Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products- Most of the cleaning products have chlorine and
bromine releasing chemicals that find a way into the atmosphere and affect the ozone layer.
These should be substituted with natural products to protect the environment.
Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited- The government should take actions and prohibit
the use of harmful nitrous oxide that is adversely affecting the ozone layer. People should be
made aware of the harmful effects of nitrous oxide and the products emitting the gas so that
its use is minimised at the individual level as well.
Water Quality Issues
The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bring water quality issues to
the forefront of international action by setting Goal 6 specifically aiming to “ensure
availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” to respond to the
pressing challenges posed by water quality issues.
The 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bring water quality issues to
the forefront of international action by setting Goal 6 specifically aiming to “ensure
availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” to respond to the
pressing challenges posed by water quality issues.
Water Pollution & its sources
Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—from pesticides and fertilizers to waste leached
from landfills and septic systems—make their way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe for human
use.
Surface water from freshwater sources (that is, from sources other than the ocean) accounts for
more than 60 %, is unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking, due to farm waste and fertilizer runoff.
Municipal and industrial waste discharges contribute their fair share of toxins as well.
Ocean water- Eighty percent of ocean pollution (also called marine pollution) originates on
land—whether along the coast or far inland. Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy
metals are carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and
estuaries; from there they travel out to sea. Meanwhile, marine debris—particularly plastic—is blown
in by the wind or washed in via storm drains and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by
oil spills and leaks.
Main sources are Agriculture pollution due to pesticides, fertilizers, nutrient pollution, livestock
operations, algae blooms, sewage and waste water from industrial , commercial or domestic waste,
oil spills, radioactive substances from power stations,
Groundwater gets polluted when contaminants—from pesticides and fertilizers to waste leached
from landfills and septic systems—make their way into an aquifer, rendering it unsafe for human
use.
Surface water from freshwater sources (that is, from sources other than the ocean) accounts for
more than 60 %, is unfit for swimming, fishing, and drinking, due to farm waste and fertilizer runoff.
Municipal and industrial waste discharges contribute their fair share of toxins as well.
Ocean water- Eighty percent of ocean pollution (also called marine pollution) originates on
land—whether along the coast or far inland. Contaminants such as chemicals, nutrients, and heavy
metals are carried from farms, factories, and cities by streams and rivers into our bays and
estuaries; from there they travel out to sea. Meanwhile, marine debris—particularly plastic—is blown
in by the wind or washed in via storm drains and sewers. Our seas are also sometimes spoiled by
oil spills and leaks.
Main sources are Agriculture pollution due to pesticides, fertilizers, nutrient pollution, livestock
operations, algae blooms, sewage and waste water from industrial , commercial or domestic waste,
oil spills, radioactive substances from power stations,
Water Pollution & its sources
Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal
waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe
water include cholera, giardia, and typhoid.
Over 1 billion people globally lack access to safe drinking-water supplies, while 2.6 billion lack
adequate sanitation; diseases related to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene result in an estimated
1.7 million deaths every year. A wide range of chemical pollutants—from heavy metals such as
arsenic, mercury, nitrate fertilizers pesticides —are getting into our water supplies. Once they’re
ingested, these toxins can cause a host of health issues, from cancer to hormone disruption to
altered brain function. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk. Even swimming can
pose a risk.
Integrated water resource / waste water treatment,
Protecting from water contamination through various scientific methods such as forward and/or
reverse osmosis, precipitations , coagulation , filtrations modular anaerobic system , microbial fuel cell,
and advanced oxidation process
Waterborne pathogens, in the form of disease-causing bacteria and viruses from human and animal
waste, are a major cause of illness from contaminated drinking water. Diseases spread by unsafe
water include cholera, giardia, and typhoid.
Over 1 billion people globally lack access to safe drinking-water supplies, while 2.6 billion lack
adequate sanitation; diseases related to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene result in an estimated
1.7 million deaths every year. A wide range of chemical pollutants—from heavy metals such as
arsenic, mercury, nitrate fertilizers pesticides —are getting into our water supplies. Once they’re
ingested, these toxins can cause a host of health issues, from cancer to hormone disruption to
altered brain function. Children and pregnant women are particularly at risk. Even swimming can
pose a risk.
Integrated water resource / waste water treatment,
Protecting from water contamination through various scientific methods such as forward and/or
reverse osmosis, precipitations , coagulation , filtrations modular anaerobic system , microbial fuel cell,
and advanced oxidation process
Detrimental effect of poor quality water resources
World Initiatives- Water Quality
UNESCO-IHP IIWQ is well positioned to deal with this new water quality challenge in the context of climate
change.
●Facilitate scientific discussion to improve understanding on how climate change affects water quality
(physical, chemical and biological properties) globally, as well as effects on environmental goods and
services, human health and socioeconomic activities.
●Create awareness on impacts of current and projected climate change on water quality.
●Promote and develop effective technology and policy responses to mitigate and adapt to climate change
impacts on water quality.
●Share responses, best practices and lessons learnt on climate change impacts in water quality to support
Member States.
COP 21 session on Water Quality and Climate Change/ Ecohydrology in UNESCO-IHP Event on “Water and
Climate Day” at COP 21 (Paris, 2015)
UNESCO-IAHS Symposium on Water Quality’s Trends and Expected Climate Change Impacts at the XXV IUGG
General Assembly "Earth on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet" (Australia, 2011)
focused on a dialogue and research on the evaluation of climate change impacts on a wide range of water
quality with the wider scientific community.
UNESCO-IHP IIWQ is well positioned to deal with this new water quality challenge in the context of climate
change.
●Facilitate scientific discussion to improve understanding on how climate change affects water quality
(physical, chemical and biological properties) globally, as well as effects on environmental goods and
services, human health and socioeconomic activities.
●Create awareness on impacts of current and projected climate change on water quality.
●Promote and develop effective technology and policy responses to mitigate and adapt to climate change
impacts on water quality.
●Share responses, best practices and lessons learnt on climate change impacts in water quality to support
Member States.
COP 21 session on Water Quality and Climate Change/ Ecohydrology in UNESCO-IHP Event on “Water and
Climate Day” at COP 21 (Paris, 2015)
UNESCO-IAHS Symposium on Water Quality’s Trends and Expected Climate Change Impacts at the XXV IUGG
General Assembly "Earth on the Edge: Science for a Sustainable Planet" (Australia, 2011)
focused on a dialogue and research on the evaluation of climate change impacts on a wide range of water
quality with the wider scientific community.
World Initiatives- Water Quality
UNESCO World Water Quality Portal- The UNESCO World Water Quality Portal was conceptualized and
developed in the framework of IHP’s International Initiative on Water Quality to showcase and demonstrate
the potential of satellite Earth Observation to improve water quality monitoring towards sustainable water
resources management. The portal aims to support basin organizations to better understand the water
quality and ecological state of water resources, monitor the trend and evolution of water quality and
pollution, and assess anthropogenic and climate change impacts on water resources. It consequently
contributes to science-based policy-making and management decisions to protect and improve water
quality. It also promotes research and strengthen the scientific base on innovative approaches to water
quality monitoring. The Portal’s first operational application was developed for water quality monitoring of
Lake Chad and its tributaries Chari-Logone.
UNESCO International Scientific Symposium on Scientific, Technological and Policy Innovations for
Improved Water Quality Monitoring in the SDGs Framework (Kyoto, Japan, 2015).
Convened under the UNESCO-IHP International Initiative on Water Quality (IIWQ), the symposium
contributes to enhancing capacities of Member States to improve water quality monitoring at the national
and global levels in order to support the monitoring and evaluation of the water-related SDG targets. More
than 40 water quality scientists and policy-makers from 24 countries, as well as over 80 participants,
attended the event, and a large number of online attendees.
UNESCO World Water Quality Portal- The UNESCO World Water Quality Portal was conceptualized and
developed in the framework of IHP’s International Initiative on Water Quality to showcase and demonstrate
the potential of satellite Earth Observation to improve water quality monitoring towards sustainable water
resources management. The portal aims to support basin organizations to better understand the water
quality and ecological state of water resources, monitor the trend and evolution of water quality and
pollution, and assess anthropogenic and climate change impacts on water resources. It consequently
contributes to science-based policy-making and management decisions to protect and improve water
quality. It also promotes research and strengthen the scientific base on innovative approaches to water
quality monitoring. The Portal’s first operational application was developed for water quality monitoring of
Lake Chad and its tributaries Chari-Logone.
UNESCO International Scientific Symposium on Scientific, Technological and Policy Innovations for
Improved Water Quality Monitoring in the SDGs Framework (Kyoto, Japan, 2015).
Convened under the UNESCO-IHP International Initiative on Water Quality (IIWQ), the symposium
contributes to enhancing capacities of Member States to improve water quality monitoring at the national
and global levels in order to support the monitoring and evaluation of the water-related SDG targets. More
than 40 water quality scientists and policy-makers from 24 countries, as well as over 80 participants,
attended the event, and a large number of online attendees.
Improving Water Quality
Global action to improve the quality of the
world’s freshwater resources and to mitigate the
continuing degradation of water quality, which is
posing serious threats to human health and
ecosystems. It is imperative to respond to the
impact of water pollution, which are jeopardizing
the sustainability of water resources at an
alarming rate. The crucial importance of
providing clean drinking water and adequate
sanitation in pursuing sustainable development
is increasingly evident.
Global action to improve the quality of the
world’s freshwater resources and to mitigate the
continuing degradation of water quality, which is
posing serious threats to human health and
ecosystems. It is imperative to respond to the
impact of water pollution, which are jeopardizing
the sustainability of water resources at an
alarming rate. The crucial importance of
providing clean drinking water and adequate
sanitation in pursuing sustainable development
is increasingly evident.
Land Degradation
Land degradation is caused by multiple forces, including extreme weather conditions,
particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the
quality of soils and land utility.
It has accelerated during the 20
th
and 21
st
centuries due to increasing and combined
pressures of agricultural and livestock production (over-cultivation, overgrazing,
forest conversion), urbanization, deforestation and extreme weather events such
as droughts and coastal surges, which salinate land. It negatively affects food
production, livelihoods, and the production and provision of other ecosystem.
Desertification is a form of land degradation by which fertile land becomes desert.
These social and environmental processes are stressing the world's arable lands and
pastures essential for the provision of food and water and quality air. Land degradation
and desertification can affect human health through complex pathways. As land is
degraded and deserts expand in some places, food production is reduced, water
sources dry up and populations are pressured to move to more hospitable areas.
Land degradation is caused by multiple forces, including extreme weather conditions,
particularly drought. It is also caused by human activities that pollute or degrade the
quality of soils and land utility.
It has accelerated during the 20
th
and 21
st
centuries due to increasing and combined
pressures of agricultural and livestock production (over-cultivation, overgrazing,
forest conversion), urbanization, deforestation and extreme weather events such
as droughts and coastal surges, which salinate land. It negatively affects food
production, livelihoods, and the production and provision of other ecosystem.
Desertification is a form of land degradation by which fertile land becomes desert.
These social and environmental processes are stressing the world's arable lands and
pastures essential for the provision of food and water and quality air. Land degradation
and desertification can affect human health through complex pathways. As land is
degraded and deserts expand in some places, food production is reduced, water
sources dry up and populations are pressured to move to more hospitable areas.
Land Degradation
Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole,
but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is
indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects.
Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by
poor management practices.
Land degradation has a wider scope than both soil erosion and soil degradation in that it
covers all negative changes in the capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and
services (including biological and water related goods and services – and in LADAʼs vision
- also land-related social and economic goods and services).
Desertification is another common term used for (a) land
degradation in dryland areas and/or (b) the irreversible change
of the land to such a state it can no longer be recovered for its
original use.
Soil Erosion is a common term that is often confused with soil degradation as a whole,
but in fact refers only to absolute soil losses in terms of topsoil and nutrients. This is
indeed the most visible effect of soil degradation, but does not cover all of its aspects.
Soil erosion is a natural process in mountainous areas, but is often made much worse by
poor management practices.
Land degradation has a wider scope than both soil erosion and soil degradation in that it
covers all negative changes in the capacity of the ecosystem to provide goods and
services (including biological and water related goods and services – and in LADAʼs vision
- also land-related social and economic goods and services).
Desertification is another common term used for (a) land
degradation in dryland areas and/or (b) the irreversible change
of the land to such a state it can no longer be recovered for its
original use.
Land Degradation
Prevention implies the use of conservation measures that maintain natural resources
and their environmental and productive
Mitigation is intervention intended to reduce ongoing degradation. This comes in at a
stage when degradation has already begun. The main aim here is to halt further
degradation and to start improving resources and their functions. Mitigation impacts tend
to be noticeable in the short to medium term: this then provides a strong incentive for
further efforts. The word ʻmitigationʼ is also sometimes used to describe the reductions of
impacts of degradation.
Rehabilitation is required when the land is already degraded to such
an extent that the original use is no longer possible and the land has
become practically unproductive. Here longer-term and often more
costly investments are needed to show any impact.
Prevention implies the use of conservation measures that maintain natural resources
and their environmental and productive
Mitigation is intervention intended to reduce ongoing degradation. This comes in at a
stage when degradation has already begun. The main aim here is to halt further
degradation and to start improving resources and their functions. Mitigation impacts tend
to be noticeable in the short to medium term: this then provides a strong incentive for
further efforts. The word ʻmitigationʼ is also sometimes used to describe the reductions of
impacts of degradation.
Rehabilitation is required when the land is already degraded to such
an extent that the original use is no longer possible and the land has
become practically unproductive. Here longer-term and often more
costly investments are needed to show any impact.
Land Degradation
The impact of desertification on health include:
●Loss of productive capacity of land, higher
threats of malnutrition from reduced food and
water supplies, higher food prices;
●more water- and food-borne diseases that result
from poor hygiene and a lack of clean water;
●respiratory diseases caused by atmospheric
dust from wind erosion and other air pollutants;
●the spread of infectious diseases as populations
migrate.
●Environmental hazards, loss of biodiversity /
ecosystems, climate change.
The impact of desertification on health include:
●Loss of productive capacity of land, higher
threats of malnutrition from reduced food and
water supplies, higher food prices;
●more water- and food-borne diseases that result
from poor hygiene and a lack of clean water;
●respiratory diseases caused by atmospheric
dust from wind erosion and other air pollutants;
●the spread of infectious diseases as populations
migrate.
●Environmental hazards, loss of biodiversity /
ecosystems, climate change.
Land Degradation
Worldʼs most pressing environmental problems
as about 25% of the total land area has been
degraded. When land is degraded, soil carbon
and nitrous oxide is released into the
atmosphere, contributing to climate change.
Scientists recently warned that 24 billion tons of
fertile soil was being lost per year, largely due to
unsustainable agriculture practices. If this trend
continues, 95% of the Earthʼs land areas could
become degraded by 2050.Climate change
exacerbates variations in yields and income
from agriculture, threatening the resilience of
agro-ecosystems and stability of food
production systems while increasing population
and food resources have led to global land
degradation. There is a need to investment our
resources for checking the reverse desertification
and deforestation.
Worldʼs most pressing environmental problems
as about 25% of the total land area has been
degraded. When land is degraded, soil carbon
and nitrous oxide is released into the
atmosphere, contributing to climate change.
Scientists recently warned that 24 billion tons of
fertile soil was being lost per year, largely due to
unsustainable agriculture practices. If this trend
continues, 95% of the Earthʼs land areas could
become degraded by 2050.Climate change
exacerbates variations in yields and income
from agriculture, threatening the resilience of
agro-ecosystems and stability of food
production systems while increasing population
and food resources have led to global land
degradation. There is a need to investment our
resources for checking the reverse desertification
and deforestation.
Mitigating Land Degradation
Communities, farmers and corporations can be
educated about sustainable practices to
promote respect and responsibility for nature
and reduce their carbon footprint.such as
avoiding monocultures (growing one single
crop in a large area) as it also makes soil
susceptible to pests, pathogens and diseases
which adapt to the unchanging environment and
cause devastating destruction of crops.Farmers
often end up using chemical products to fight
pests and diseases, and fertilisers to try and
encourage crops to continue growing.Practicing
crop rotation allows different plants to grow in
an area of soil every year. This allows the soil to
replenish itself of nutrients, agroforestry,
permaculture (sustainable farming). They also
act as a form of protection against wind and
water damage and encourage biodiversity,
which keeps ecosystems strong and healthy.
Communities, farmers and corporations can be
educated about sustainable practices to
promote respect and responsibility for nature
and reduce their carbon footprint.such as
avoiding monocultures (growing one single
crop in a large area) as it also makes soil
susceptible to pests, pathogens and diseases
which adapt to the unchanging environment and
cause devastating destruction of crops.Farmers
often end up using chemical products to fight
pests and diseases, and fertilisers to try and
encourage crops to continue growing.Practicing
crop rotation allows different plants to grow in
an area of soil every year. This allows the soil to
replenish itself of nutrients, agroforestry,
permaculture (sustainable farming). They also
act as a form of protection against wind and
water damage and encourage biodiversity,
which keeps ecosystems strong and healthy.
Solid Waste Management
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of
solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no
longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create
unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution
of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is,
diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste
management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a
wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that
must be managed and solved. Disposal methods were very crude,
involving open pits located just outside the city walls. As populations
increased, efforts were made to transport waste farther out from the
cities. A technological approach to solid-waste management began to
develop in the latter part of the 19th century. Watertight garbage cans
were first introduced in the United States, and sturdier vehicles were
used to collect and transport wastes. A significant development in
solid-waste treatment and disposal practices was marked by the
construction of the first refuse incinerator in England in 1874.
Solid-waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of
solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no
longer useful. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create
unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution
of the environment and to outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is,
diseases spread by rodents and insects. The tasks of solid-waste
management present complex technical challenges. They also pose a
wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that
must be managed and solved. Disposal methods were very crude,
involving open pits located just outside the city walls. As populations
increased, efforts were made to transport waste farther out from the
cities. A technological approach to solid-waste management began to
develop in the latter part of the 19th century. Watertight garbage cans
were first introduced in the United States, and sturdier vehicles were
used to collect and transport wastes. A significant development in
solid-waste treatment and disposal practices was marked by the
construction of the first refuse incinerator in England in 1874.
Solid Waste Management
Technological advances continued during the first half of the 20th
century, including the development of garbage grinders,
compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection systems. By
mid-century, however, it had become evident that open dumping
and improper incineration of solid waste were causing problems
of pollution and jeopardizing public health. As a result, sanitary
landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping
and to reduce the reliance on waste incineration. In many
countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and
nonhazardous, and separate regulations were developed for their
disposal. Landfills were designed and operated in a manner that
minimized risks to public health and the environment. New refuse
incinerators were designed to recover heat energy from the waste
and were provided with extensive air pollution control devices to
satisfy stringent standards of air quality. Modern solid-waste
management plants in most developed countries now emphasize
the practice of recycling and waste reduction at the source rather
than incineration and land disposal.
Technological advances continued during the first half of the 20th
century, including the development of garbage grinders,
compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection systems. By
mid-century, however, it had become evident that open dumping
and improper incineration of solid waste were causing problems
of pollution and jeopardizing public health. As a result, sanitary
landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping
and to reduce the reliance on waste incineration. In many
countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and
nonhazardous, and separate regulations were developed for their
disposal. Landfills were designed and operated in a manner that
minimized risks to public health and the environment. New refuse
incinerators were designed to recover heat energy from the waste
and were provided with extensive air pollution control devices to
satisfy stringent standards of air quality. Modern solid-waste
management plants in most developed countries now emphasize
the practice of recycling and waste reduction at the source rather
than incineration and land disposal.
Solid Waste Management
The sources of solid waste include residential, industrial
activities, commercial, institutional, construction &
demolition activities, municipal services, treatment plants &
sites, biomedical and agriculture. Certain types of wastes that
cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments
are classified as hazardous like chemical, fertilizer industry,
hospitals; these are discussed in the article hazardous-waste
management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community
that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal
site is called refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse
includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable
food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper,
cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or
decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that
includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large
tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and handling.
The sources of solid waste include residential, industrial
activities, commercial, institutional, construction &
demolition activities, municipal services, treatment plants &
sites, biomedical and agriculture. Certain types of wastes that
cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments
are classified as hazardous like chemical, fertilizer industry,
hospitals; these are discussed in the article hazardous-waste
management. All nonhazardous solid waste from a community
that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal
site is called refuse or municipal solid waste (MSW). Refuse
includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable
food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper,
cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or
decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that
includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large
tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and handling.
Solid Waste -categories
Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation,
vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and market places.
Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief
items etc. that are highly organic and having low moisture content.
Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,
fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial
waste, hospital waste.
Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and
other body fluids.
Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation,
vegetables, flowers, leaves, fruits, and market places.
Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief
items etc. that are highly organic and having low moisture content.
Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans,
fertilizer and pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial
waste, hospital waste.
Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and
other body fluids.
Effects of Poor Solid Waste Management
1. Litter Surroundings
2. Impact on Human Health (skin irritations, respiratory problems, blood infections,
growth problems, and even reproductive issues.)
3. Disease-causing Pests (breeding ground for different types of disease-causing insects
as well as infectious organisms)
4. Environmental Problems
5. Soil and Groundwater Pollution
6. Emission of Toxic Gases
7. Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
1. Litter Surroundings
2. Impact on Human Health (skin irritations, respiratory problems, blood infections,
growth problems, and even reproductive issues.)
3. Disease-causing Pests (breeding ground for different types of disease-causing insects
as well as infectious organisms)
4. Environmental Problems
5. Soil and Groundwater Pollution
6. Emission of Toxic Gases
7. Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
Solid Waste Management Techniques
Methods of Solid
Waste Management
1. Sanitary Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Recovery and Recycling
4. Composting
5. Pyrolysis
Methods of Solid
Waste Management
1. Sanitary Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Recovery and Recycling
4. Composting
5. Pyrolysis
Solid Waste Management Techniques
Methods of Solid
Waste Management
1. Sanitary Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Recovery and Recycling
4. Composting
5. Pyrolysis
Methods of Solid
Waste Management
1. Sanitary Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Recovery and Recycling
4. Composting
5. Pyrolysis
Methods of Solid Waste Management
1. Sanitary Landfill
This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Garbage is basically spread out in thin
layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern landfills are designed in such a way
that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner, which is usually made of several layers
of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the groundwater from being contaminated because of
leaching or percolation.When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, topsoil and gravel
to prevent seepage of water.
Advantage: If landfills are managed efficiently, it is an ensured sanitary waste disposal method.
Constraint: It requires a reasonably large area.
2. Incineration
This method involves the burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into
ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when
burning solid wastes.
1. Sanitary Landfill
This is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. Garbage is basically spread out in thin
layers, compressed and covered with soil or plastic foam. Modern landfills are designed in such a way
that the bottom of the landfill is covered with an impervious liner, which is usually made of several layers
of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the groundwater from being contaminated because of
leaching or percolation.When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, topsoil and gravel
to prevent seepage of water.
Advantage: If landfills are managed efficiently, it is an ensured sanitary waste disposal method.
Constraint: It requires a reasonably large area.
2. Incineration
This method involves the burning of solid wastes at high temperatures until the wastes are turned into
ashes. Incinerators are made in such a way that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat when
burning solid wastes.
Methods of Solid Waste Management
Incinerators that recycle heat energy through furnace and boiler are called waste-to-energy plants. These
waste-to-energy systems are more expensive to set up and operate compared to plain incinerators because
they require special equipment and controls, highly skilled technical personnel, and auxiliary fuel
systems.This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities and even
institutions. The good thing about this method is the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or
30% of the original volume.
Advantage: The volume of combustible waste is reduced considerably by burning waste. In the case of
off-site pits, it is an appropriate method to minimize scavenging.
Constraint: It can cause smoke or fire hazard and also emits gaseous pollutants.
Incinerators that recycle heat energy through furnace and boiler are called waste-to-energy plants. These
waste-to-energy systems are more expensive to set up and operate compared to plain incinerators because
they require special equipment and controls, highly skilled technical personnel, and auxiliary fuel
systems.This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities and even
institutions. The good thing about this method is the fact that it reduces the volume of waste up to 20 or
30% of the original volume.
Advantage: The volume of combustible waste is reduced considerably by burning waste. In the case of
off-site pits, it is an appropriate method to minimize scavenging.
Constraint: It can cause smoke or fire hazard and also emits gaseous pollutants.
Methods of Solid Waste Management
3. Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but
discarded items for the next use. Plastic bags, tins, glass and containers
are often recycled automatically since, in many situations, they are
likely to be scarce commodities.
Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are
recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new
material and reduction of landfills. The most developed countries follow
a strong tradition of recycling to lower volumes of waste.
Advantage: Recycling is environmentally friendly.
Constraint: It is expensive to set up, and in most emergencies, there is
limited potential.
3. Recovery and Recycling
Recycling or recovery of resources is the process of taking useful but
discarded items for the next use. Plastic bags, tins, glass and containers
are often recycled automatically since, in many situations, they are
likely to be scarce commodities.
Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are
recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new
material and reduction of landfills. The most developed countries follow
a strong tradition of recycling to lower volumes of waste.
Advantage: Recycling is environmentally friendly.
Constraint: It is expensive to set up, and in most emergencies, there is
limited potential.
Methods of Solid Waste Management
4. Composting
Due to a lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a
medium designed for the purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting. It is a
biological process in which micro-organisms, specifically fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic
waste into substances like humus. This finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and
nitrogen. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost that is an excellent
medium for growing plants and can be used for agricultural purposes.
Advantage: Composting is environmentally friendly as well as beneficial for crops.
Constraint: It requires intensive management and experienced personnel for large scale operation.
4. Composting
Due to a lack of adequate space for landfills, biodegradable yard waste is allowed to decompose in a
medium designed for the purpose. Only biodegradable waste materials are used in composting. It is a
biological process in which micro-organisms, specifically fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic
waste into substances like humus. This finished product, which looks like soil, is high in carbon and
nitrogen. Good quality environmentally friendly manure is formed from the compost that is an excellent
medium for growing plants and can be used for agricultural purposes.
Advantage: Composting is environmentally friendly as well as beneficial for crops.
Constraint: It requires intensive management and experienced personnel for large scale operation.
Methods of Solid Waste Management
5. Pyrolysis
This is a method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes
are chemically decomposed by heat without the presence of
oxygen. It usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up
to 430 degrees Celsius. The solid wastes are changed into gasses,
solid residue of carbon and ash and small quantities of liquid.
Advantage: This will keep the environment clean and reduce
health and settlement problems.
Constraint: The systems that destroy chlorinated organic
molecules by heat may create incomplete combustion products,
including dioxins and furans. These compounds are highly toxic in
the parts per trillion ranges. The residue it generates may be
hazardous wastes, requiring proper treatment, storage, and
disposal.
5. Pyrolysis
This is a method of solid waste management whereby solid wastes
are chemically decomposed by heat without the presence of
oxygen. It usually occurs under pressure and at temperatures of up
to 430 degrees Celsius. The solid wastes are changed into gasses,
solid residue of carbon and ash and small quantities of liquid.
Advantage: This will keep the environment clean and reduce
health and settlement problems.
Constraint: The systems that destroy chlorinated organic
molecules by heat may create incomplete combustion products,
including dioxins and furans. These compounds are highly toxic in
the parts per trillion ranges. The residue it generates may be
hazardous wastes, requiring proper treatment, storage, and
disposal.
Growth in the IT and communication sectors has enhanced the usage of the
electronic equipment exponentially. Faster upgradation of electronic product
is forcing consumers to discard old electronic products very quickly, which, in
turn, adds to e-waste to the solid waste stream. The growing problem of
e-waste calls for greater emphasis on recycling e-waste and better e-waste
management.
e-waste is generated when electronic and electrical equipment become unfit
for their originally intended use or have crossed the expiry date. Computers,
servers, mainframes, monitors, compact discs (CDs), printers, scanners,
copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers,
TVs, iPods, medical apparatus, washing machines, refrigerators, and air
conditioners are examples of e-waste (when unfit for use). These electronic
equipments get fast replaced with newer models due to the rapid technology
advancements and production of newer electronic equipment. This has led to
an exponential increase in e-waste generation. People tend to switch over to
the newer models and the life of products has also decreased.
E-Waste Management
electronic equipment exponentially. Faster upgradation of electronic product
is forcing consumers to discard old electronic products very quickly, which, in
turn, adds to e-waste to the solid waste stream. The growing problem of
e-waste calls for greater emphasis on recycling e-waste and better e-waste
management.
e-waste is generated when electronic and electrical equipment become unfit
for their originally intended use or have crossed the expiry date. Computers,
servers, mainframes, monitors, compact discs (CDs), printers, scanners,
copiers, calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers,
TVs, iPods, medical apparatus, washing machines, refrigerators, and air
conditioners are examples of e-waste (when unfit for use). These electronic
equipments get fast replaced with newer models due to the rapid technology
advancements and production of newer electronic equipment. This has led to
an exponential increase in e-waste generation. People tend to switch over to
the newer models and the life of products has also decreased.
E-Waste Management
E-waste typically consists of metals, plastics, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), printed circuit boards, cables,
and so on. Valuable metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum could be recovered from e-wastes,
if they are scientifically processed. The presence of toxic substances such as liquid crystal, lithium,
mercury, nickel, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selenium, arsenic, barium, brominated flame
retardants, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, and lead, makes it very hazardous, if e-waste is
dismantled and processed in a crude manner with rudimentary techniques. E-waste poses a huge risk to
humans, animals, and the environment.
Consumers are the key to better management of e-waste. Initiatives such as Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR); Design for Environment (DfE); Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs), technology
platform for linking the market facilitating a circular economy aim to encourage consumers to
correctly dispose their e-waste, with increased reuse and recycling rates, and adopt sustainable
consumer habits. It includes problems of lack of investment,lack of infrastructure and technically
skilled human resources apart from absence of appropriate legislations specifically dealing with
e-waste. Also, there is inadequate description of the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and
institutions involved in e-waste management, etc. In 2016, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) released the updated E-waste (Management) Rules, which came in
supersession of the E-waste in India (GOI, 2016).
E-Waste Management
and so on. Valuable metals such as copper, silver, gold, and platinum could be recovered from e-wastes,
if they are scientifically processed. The presence of toxic substances such as liquid crystal, lithium,
mercury, nickel, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), selenium, arsenic, barium, brominated flame
retardants, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, and lead, makes it very hazardous, if e-waste is
dismantled and processed in a crude manner with rudimentary techniques. E-waste poses a huge risk to
humans, animals, and the environment.
Consumers are the key to better management of e-waste. Initiatives such as Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR); Design for Environment (DfE); Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3Rs), technology
platform for linking the market facilitating a circular economy aim to encourage consumers to
correctly dispose their e-waste, with increased reuse and recycling rates, and adopt sustainable
consumer habits. It includes problems of lack of investment,lack of infrastructure and technically
skilled human resources apart from absence of appropriate legislations specifically dealing with
e-waste. Also, there is inadequate description of the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and
institutions involved in e-waste management, etc. In 2016, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change (MoEFCC) released the updated E-waste (Management) Rules, which came in
supersession of the E-waste in India (GOI, 2016).
E-Waste Management
Solid Waste Management- e waste
●It is categorised into 21 types
under two broad categories:
Information technology and
communication equipment.
●Consumer electrical and
electronics.
India’s first e-waste clinic for
segregating, processing and disposal
of waste from household and
commercial units has been be set-up
in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
●It is categorised into 21 types
under two broad categories:
Information technology and
communication equipment.
●Consumer electrical and
electronics.
India’s first e-waste clinic for
segregating, processing and disposal
of waste from household and
commercial units has been be set-up
in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
Solid Waste Management - e waste
According to the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB), India generated
more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in
2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh
tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the
e-waste dismantling capacity has not
been increased from 7.82 lakh tonnes
since 2017-18.In 2018, the Ministry of
Environment had told the tribunal that
95% of e-waste in India is recycled by
the informal sector and scrap dealers
unscientifically dispose of it by burning
or dissolving it in acids.
According to the Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB), India generated
more than 10 lakh tonnes of e-waste in
2019-20, an increase from 7 lakh
tonnes in 2017-18. Against this, the
e-waste dismantling capacity has not
been increased from 7.82 lakh tonnes
since 2017-18.In 2018, the Ministry of
Environment had told the tribunal that
95% of e-waste in India is recycled by
the informal sector and scrap dealers
unscientifically dispose of it by burning
or dissolving it in acids.
The Environment, Forest, and Climate Change Ministry
(MoEF&CC) have announced the E-Waste Management
Rules 2016. These new rules replaced the earlier E-Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules of 2011.
The new Rules make for stricter norms and are a part of the
government’s increased commitment towards environmental
governance.
Highlights of the new E-waste Management Rules 2016:
1.It includes CFLs or Compact Fluorescent Lamps as
well as other lamps with mercury, and similar
equipment.
2.The Rules for the first time, bring producers under the
ambit of the Extended Producer Responsibility or EPR,
together with the targets.
(MoEF&CC) have announced the E-Waste Management
Rules 2016. These new rules replaced the earlier E-Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules of 2011.
The new Rules make for stricter norms and are a part of the
government’s increased commitment towards environmental
governance.
Highlights of the new E-waste Management Rules 2016:
1.It includes CFLs or Compact Fluorescent Lamps as
well as other lamps with mercury, and similar
equipment.
2.The Rules for the first time, bring producers under the
ambit of the Extended Producer Responsibility or EPR,
together with the targets.
3. Producers have been made accountable for e-waste
collection and e-waste exchange as well.
4. Additional stakeholders included are:
1.Manufacturers
2.Dealers
3.Refurbishers and Producer Responsibility
Organizations.
5. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other
mercury-containing lamps have been brought under the
purview of the rules.
India’s Environment Ministry has notified rules targeting the
wide range of groups like hotels, residential colonies, bulk
producers of consumer goods, ports, railway stations,
airports, and pilgrimage spots. This is to ensure that the solid
waste generated in their facilities is treated and recycled.
collection and e-waste exchange as well.
4. Additional stakeholders included are:
1.Manufacturers
2.Dealers
3.Refurbishers and Producer Responsibility
Organizations.
5. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) and other
mercury-containing lamps have been brought under the
purview of the rules.
India’s Environment Ministry has notified rules targeting the
wide range of groups like hotels, residential colonies, bulk
producers of consumer goods, ports, railway stations,
airports, and pilgrimage spots. This is to ensure that the solid
waste generated in their facilities is treated and recycled.
Key Points of E-waste Management Rules 2016:
●Local bodies with a population of one lakh or above were supposed to establish
solid waste processing facilities within two years,
●Census towns below a lakh would be given three years to establish solid waste
processing facilities
●Old and discarded dump sites would have to be shut-down or bio-remedied within
five years.
●The rules on solid waste management have been amended after 16 years.
●Garbage management is the responsibility of municipal bodies, they would have the
rights to charge user fees and levy spot fines for littering and non-segregation.
●A transition period of two to five years would be in place beyond which fines would
be imposed as per the country’s Environment Minister.
●Local bodies with a population of one lakh or above were supposed to establish
solid waste processing facilities within two years,
●Census towns below a lakh would be given three years to establish solid waste
processing facilities
●Old and discarded dump sites would have to be shut-down or bio-remedied within
five years.
●The rules on solid waste management have been amended after 16 years.
●Garbage management is the responsibility of municipal bodies, they would have the
rights to charge user fees and levy spot fines for littering and non-segregation.
●A transition period of two to five years would be in place beyond which fines would
be imposed as per the country’s Environment Minister.
Threat to Biodiversity
Conservation of the rich biodiversity or variety on Earth have occupied many intellectual
minds since last decade. Changing climate, land use, atmospheric carbon dioxide,
biological invasion and nitrogen deposition due to air pollution are few of the Dr for 5
prominent inter- related cause.
Loss of Habitat due to change in human activities industries, civic etc. Coral reef found
susceptible to rise in water temperature, sea level, pollutants and sediment that changes
water quality. Oceanic islands , destruction of habitat
Conservation of the rich biodiversity or variety on Earth have occupied many intellectual
minds since last decade. Changing climate, land use, atmospheric carbon dioxide,
biological invasion and nitrogen deposition due to air pollution are few of the Dr for 5
prominent inter- related cause.
Loss of Habitat due to change in human activities industries, civic etc. Coral reef found
susceptible to rise in water temperature, sea level, pollutants and sediment that changes
water quality. Oceanic islands , destruction of habitat
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