Global Warming, Air and Water Pollution

Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.
Environmental pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment such changes are caused by Substances that are introduced into the environment, by human activities.

1. Lecture 8 Global Warming Global Warming Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases and their sources Steps to reduce Global warming Air and Water Pollution Air Pollution Causes of Air Pollution Effects of Air Pollution Control of Air Pollution Water Pollution Causes of Water Pollution Effects of Water Pollution Control of Water Pollution

2. Global Warming

3. Global warming Global warming  is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.

4. What Will Happen “Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea level, and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climate could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. It could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts may expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks may be permanently altered.”

5. What’s Happening Scientists say that the barrier insulating the continental ice caps is melting. “The impacts of warming temperatures in Antarctica are likely to occur first in the northern sections of the continent, where summer temperatures approach the melting point of water, 32 degrees F (0 degrees C).”

6. What’s Happening As the ice melts, big chunks of glaciers will break off and become like ice cubes in a big glass of water. The ice chunks, known as icebergs, create mass in the ocean. The icebergs displace the water causing the ocean level to rise. Some of the shoreline in many places like Florida (where the land is at a low altitude) will go under water.

7. Where Has It Been Happening This is where temperatures have risen in the world.

8. Greenhouse Effect Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and other  greenhouse gases  act like a blanket, absorbing IR radiation and preventing it from escaping into outer space. The net  effect  is the gradual heating of Earth's atmosphere and surface, a process known as  global warming.

9. Greenhouse Effect

10. Greenhouse Effect

11. Greenhouse Gases and their Sources

12. Worldwide Carbon Emissions Carbon (10 9 metric tons) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Year Liquid fuel Total Gas fuel Solid fuel

13. Annual Carbon Emissions Annual carbon emissions Atmospheric CO 2 Atmospheric CO 2 average 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 4 6 8 2 Year Carbon (10 9 metric tons)

14. Future Carbon Dioxide Levels Increasing CO 2 emissions, especially in China and developing countries Likely to double within 150 years: Increased coal usage Increased natural gas usage Decreased petroleum usage (increased cost and decreasing supply)

15. Because greenhouse gas emissions are tied very closely to our energy consumption, using less fossil fuel based energy puts fewer greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This will help slow global warming. Reduce consumption of fossil fuels in US Mountaintop removal for coal mining near Rawl , West Virginia. 50% of electricity in the United States is produced from coal. (

16. Small changes really add up Replace your old refrigerator with a new Energy Star: Annual savings: 700 pounds CO 2 Set your thermostat down a few degrees in the winter Annual savings: 1400 pounds CO 2 Wash clothes in cold water only Annual savings: 500 pounds CO 2 Drive JUST 10 fewer miles per week Annual savings: 520 pounds CO 2 Reduce your garbage by 10% through greater recycling or reduced packaging Annual savings: 1200 pounds CO 2

17. Air and Water Pollution

18. Environmental pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment such changes are caused by Substances that are introduced into the environment, by human activities. Pollution

19. TYPES OF POLLUTION Pollution is normally classified on an environmental basis, into the following 3 types. Air pollution. Water pollution. Soil pollution. Apart from these, we can recognize other forms of pollution such as noise pollution, thermal pollution, radio-active pollution and so on

20. AIR POLLUTION According to W.H.O, an increase in any of the constituents of the atmosphere which is harmful to the living beings and their environment, is known as air pollution The view from the space

21. Types of Pollutants   Primarily air pollutants   The pollutants that are a direct result of the process can be called primary pollutants. A classic example of a primary pollutant would be the sulfur-dioxide emitted from factories. Secondary pollutants   are the ones that are caused by the inter mingling and reactions of primary pollutants. Smog created by the interactions of several primary pollutants is known to be as secondary pollutant.

22. Smog A form of air pollution produced by the photochemical reaction of sunlight with hydrocarbons and nitrogen  oxides,that  have been released into the atmosphere,  specially  by  automotive emissions.

23. Smog

24. Causes of Air Pollution Burning of Fossil Fuels Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles is one the major cause of air pollution . Agricultural activities   Ammonia is a very common by product from agriculture related activities and is one of the most hazardous gases in the atmosphere . Indoor air pollution Household cleaning products, painting supplies emit toxic chemicals in the air and cause air pollution.

25. Causes of Air Pollution Exhaust from factories and industries Manufacturing industries release large amount of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and chemicals into the air thereby depleting the quality of air.   Mining operations   Mining is a process wherein minerals below the earth are extracted using large equipments. During the process dust and chemicals are released in the air causing massive air pollution .

26. Effects of Air Pollution Respiratory and heart problems Global warming Acid Rain Effect on Wildlife Depletion of Ozone layer

27. Acid Rain

28. Be Aware The ozone layer is becoming thin due to the gases called CFCS. The use of these gases started in 1930s in refrigerators, air conditioners, and for cleaning of computers. These gases do not burn and are not poisonous. However, CFCS are known to spoil the ozone layer of the atmosphere in a systematic way. Modern research shows that one molecule of CFCs can destroy one lac molecules of ozone.

29. Control of Air Pollution Establishment of industries away from the towns and cities. Growing more plants and trees. Use of efficient engines in automobiles. Use of smokeless stove. Use public mode of transportation Conserve energy Understand the concept of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle  Emphasis on clean energy resources Use energy efficient devices

30. WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is the contamination of  water  bodies like lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds . Effluent from various industries, Sewage containing domestic waster and pesticides from agricultural lands are finding their way into water bodies leading to water pollution.

31. Water Pollution

32. Causes of Water Pollution Industrial wastes Sewage and waste water Mining activities Marine dumping Accidental Oil leakage Burning of fossil fuels Chemical fertilizers and pesticides Agricultural wastes Release of Superheated water Addition of waste and oil from refineries

33. Causes of Water Pollution Leakage from sewer lines Global warming Radioactive waste Urban development  Leakage from the landfills  Animal waste Underground storage leakage

34. Water Pollution

35. Effects of Water Pollution Human Health Ecosystems Death of animals Economic cost

36. Control of Water Pollution Sewage treatments Prevent river water to get polluted Treatment of wastes before discharge Strict adherence to water laws Treatment of drainage water  Treatment plants Keep the pond water clean and safe  Routine cleaning Don’t pour insecticides in sinks and toilets Public Awareness

37. Water Treatment Sewage Treatment