Global Warming, Greenhouse effect and Acid Rain

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1. Presentation Environmental Biology Topic Global Warming , Greenhouse Effect a nd Acid Rain  

2. Presentation Made By Junaid Ahmed BS Plant Sciences Quaid I Azam University Islamabad

3. Contents Global Warming Causes of Global Warming Effects of Global Warming Measures to Control Global Warming Greenhouse Effects Natural Greenhouse Effect Man Made Greenhouse Effect Causes of Greenhouse Effect Mechanism of Working of Greenhouse Effect Effect of Greenhouse Gases Overcome to Greenhouse Effect

4. Acid Rain Types/Forms of Acid Rain Chemicals of Acid Rain Effects of Acid Rain Preventions Problems Contents

5. GLOBAL WARMING a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants .

6. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

7. DEFORESTATION Forests store enormous amounts of carbon, essentially removing it from the air and preventing it from being absorbed into the atmosphere losing the natural air-scrubbing function of trees, deforestation decreases biodiversity, which can cause ripple effects throughout entire ecosystems, putting whole species at risk.

8. Use of Aerosols  some forms of aerosols have been banned in many countries, other forms of them still are in wide use. These products are loaded with greenhouse gases, including CO 2  and methane, as well as chlorofluorocarbons, which erode the ozone layer.

9. INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION

10. Travel & Transportation The vast majority of vehicles on the road are powered via fossil fuels, such as gasoline. As they burn this fuel to power their engines, these vehicles release carbon and other pollutants

11. Global Warming Effects of Global Warming

12. Human beings are not spread by these upheavals climate change is affecting the global economy It is already shaking up social, health and geopolitical balances in many parts of the world The scarcity of resources like food and energy give rise to new conflicts Effects on Humans

13. Effects on Humans Rising sea level and floods are causing population migration. The estimated number of climate refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.

14. Effects on Weather For decades now ,Climatologists around the world have been watching the effect of global warming on the weather phenomena The impacts are huge like more droughts and heatwaves ,more precipitations, more natural disasters like floods , storms and wildfires, frost-free season etc

15. Effects on Living Beings Global warming can severly affect the health of living beings Excess heat can cause stress which may lead to blood pressure and heart diseases Crop failure and famines , which are direct consequence of heating up of earth can cause a decline in human body resistance to viruses and infection

16. Effects on Living Beings Global warming may also transfer various diseases to other regions as people will shifts from regions of higher temperature to regions of comparatively lower temperature. Moreover , it is an established fact that warmer temperatures lead to dehydration which is a major cause of kidney stone

17. Effects on Oceans Because of global warming permafrost and ice are melting massively at the poles , increasing the sea level The acidification the oceans is also of great concern

18. Measures To Control Global Warming

19. Measures Change A Light Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent bulb will save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year Drive Less Walk , bike ,carpool or take mass tansit more often . You will save one pound of carbon dioxide for every mile if you don’t drive

20. Measures Recycle More You can save 2400 pounds of carbon dioxide per year by recycling just half of your household waste Use Less Hot Water It takes a lot of energy to heat water. Use less hot water by taking shorter and cooler showers and washing your clothes in cold or warm water instead of hot water

21. Measures Avoid Products With A Lot of Packaging You can save 1200 pounds of carbon dioxide if you reduce your garbage by 10 percent Plant A Tree A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon dioxide over its life time

22. Measures Turn Off Electronic Devices Simply turning off your television ,DVD player , and computer when you are not using them , will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a year

23. What is Green house effect? The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface.

24. What is Greenhouse Effect? The word greenhouse effect holds two meanings. One is natural greenhouse effect. One is man made greenhouse effect.

25. Natural Greenhouse effect

26. Man-made Effects

27. What Causes Green House Effects? One of main causes of global warming is the green house effect . When the production of infrared energy in atmosphere warms a planet’s surface it is known as greenhouse effect. The natural causes of the greenhouse effect are the releasing of gases like nitrous oxide .

28. How does the greenhouse effect work?

29. Green house gases Water vapour Carbon dioxide Methane Troposphere ozone Nitrous oxide

30. Water vapour Produced by the sun’s heat emissions. Make up a maximum of 4% of the air Causes about two- thirds of the greenhouse effect. More temperature more water vapours

31. Carbon Dioxide Both man made and naturally produced. Responsible for about 25% of natural green house effect on earth.

32. Methane Produced both by human sources and naturally. Less quantities of methane in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. methane molecules are more capable of absorbing thermal energy than co2 molecules

33. Ozone Exists naturally. Creates the layer protecting the earth from sun’s high energy UV radiation rays. Acts as a green house gas in the troposphere.

34. Nitrous Oxide Produced naturally and by human source. Low density in atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Molecule 300 times more effective as a greenhouse gas than a co2 molecule.

35. What will happen on the surface of earth without greenhouse effect ?

36. what will happen on surface of earth when green house effect is too strong?

37. Effects Of Greenhouse Effect

38. Effects of Greenhouse Effect Melting of polar ice and glaciers causing a rise in sea level. Ice is melting worldwide especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland and Arctic sea ice. Intense rain in some regions also is the cause of greenhouse effect .

39. Melting of Glaciers

40. Leads to greater climate changes like strong winds & heavier rainfall. Desert areas increase in size. Runway Greenhouse Effect Spins 1988 feature on climate

41. How can we reduce the greenhouse Effect Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning . Replace Your Light Bulbs . Drive Less and Drive Smart . Buy Energy-Efficient Products . Use Less Hot Water . Plant a Tree. Encourage Others to Conserve

42. ACID RAIN

43. What Is Rain Acid rain is a  rain  or any other form of  preci p itation  that is unusually  acidic. Acid rain is one of the consequences of air pollution. E missions from factories, cars or heating boilers contact with the water in the atmosphere.

44. How does acid rain form ? Factories that burn fossil fuels release sulfur dioxide(SO 2 ) and nitrous oxides(NO x ) Cars that burn fossil fuels release nitrous oxides. (NO x )  

45. How does acid precipitation form? Sulfur and nitrous oxides combine with water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid H 2 O + SO 2  H 2 SO 4 H 2 O + N 2 O x  HNO 3 These strong acids lower the pH of rain more than H 2 CO 3  

46. What happens to the soil and water around us?   Acidification of soils & water Acid rain can cause a drop in the pH of soil and water - called acidification.

47. Types Of Acid Rain . Two types of acid rain Wet Deposition Dry Deposition

48. Wet Deposition Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on.) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops  or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition.

49. Dry Deposition If the wind blows the acidic chemicals in the air to the areas where the weather is dry the acidic pollutants slip into dust or smoke and fall the ground as dry particles. These stick to the ground and other surfaces.

50. Causes of Acid Rain Burning coal , oil and natural gas , in power stations makes electricity , giving off sulpher dioxide. Burning petrol and oil in vehicle engines gives off nitrogen oxides as gases. These gases mix with water vapor and rainwater in the atmosphere producing weak solutions of sulphuric and nitric acid which fall as acid rain.

51. Causes of Acid Rain 4 . Natural sources such as erupting volcanoes and lightening produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide which cause to the formation of acid rain. 5. Wildfires are also contributing to the acid rain to some extent. 6. Acid producing gases are also created by biological process on land , wet land and oceans.

52. Causes of Acid Rain 7. The major biological source is dimethyle sulphide. 8. Bacterial decomposition also contribute to the acid rain. 9.Human activities such as coal burning , extraction of metals , industrial emission , electrical power plants and nuclear power plants also contribute to the acid formation and causing acid rain.

53. Causes of Acid Rain 10. Sulphur dioxide causes 70% of acid rain. 11. Livestocks are responsible for 2/3 of all sources of NH3 which causes acid rain. 12. Automobiles produce ½ of world nitrogen oxides.

54. Causes of Acid Rain 13.Parts of the ice caps are melting because of global warming and contain dissolved acid gases , mainly from the intense volcanic activity of the time they were created.

55. Melting Ice Caps

56. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS Both sulphuric acid and nitric acid are soluble in water and are the major acids present in the acid rain. As this forms and falls onto the earth’s surface, these strong acids are also brought to the surface causing harmful effects on the built and the natural environment. Sulphur dioxide reacts with water to form sulphurus acid. +  

57. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS +   Substances in the upper atmosphere then catalyze the reaction between sulphurus acid and oxygen to form sulphuric acid. Similarly, nitrogen dioxide reacts with water to form a mixture of nitric acid and nitrous acid. 2 +  

58. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS +   Substances in the atmosphere then catalyze the reaction between nitrous acid and oxygen causing the formtion of more nitric acid.

59. Effects of Acid Rain   Effects on aquatic life Continual acid rain decrease the Ph level and increase the Aluminium level. Such factors cause chronic stress that kill fish or may lead to: . Lower body weight Smaller size Less able to compete for food Less able to compete for habitat

60. It disturbs fish ability to maintain calcium level. Eggs of fish become weak and brittle. Actual threat is from long term increase which stops the fish from reproducing.

61. EFFECTS ON MATERIALS:- Destroy the historical monuments made up of limestone and marble. Increase oxidation of copper and bronze. Accelerates weathering in metals and stone structures. E.g :- Parthenon in Athens, Greece, Taj Mahal in Agra , India.

62. EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM:- Biological organisms and environment in which they are live are called as the ecosystem. At PH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch. At lower PH levels , some adult fish and organisms die. Some acid lakes have no aquatic life.

63. What does acid rain damage in these ecosystems look like ?

64. EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM:- A spring shower in the forest washes leaves and falls through the trees to the forest floor below. This the major cause of forest death.

65. EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS:- Not direct effect on human. It causes skin infection: It causes asthma. Brain damage , kidney problems , and Alzheimer’s disease has been linked to people eating toxic animals and plants. Irritation to face. Skin allergy .

66. Respiratory problems such as dry cough,headaches and throat irritations are due to acid rain effects. Leaching of toxins from soil by acid rain can be absorbed by plants and animals when consumed, these toxins effect humans severely. Research carried in north America in 1982,revealed that sulphur pollution killed 51,000 people and about 200,000 people become ill as a result of pollution.

67. In Europe about 20% trees and in Germany about 60% trees have been damaged by acid rain. In some places acid rain had a PH level of 2.3, which was very acidic and destructive.

68. EFFECTS ON PLANTS:- Dissolves the toxic substances. Aluminium get absorbed by roots. It corrodes waxy protective coatings of leaves. Making plants susceptible to disease. Causes slower growth , injury or death of forest.

69. TREES:- The needles and leaves of the trees turn brown and fall off. Trees can also suffer from stunted growth; and have damaged bark and leaves, which makes them vulnerable to weather, disease, and insects .All of this happens partly because of direct contact between trees and acid rain, but it also happens when trees absorb soil that has come into contact with acid rain. The soil poisons the tree with toxic substances that rain has deposited in it.

70. HARMFUL TO VEGETATION:- Increased acidity in soil. Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth. Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants. Creates brown spots in leaves of trees , impeding photosynthesis. Allows organisms to infect through broken leaves.

71. EFFECTED AREAS:- CANADA:- Acid rain is a problem in Canada. Water and soil systems lack natural alkalinity such as lime base. Cannot neutralize acid. Canada consists of susceptible hard rock such as granite. Do not have the capacity to effectively neutralize acid rain.

72. Harold Harvey of Canada was among the first to research a dead lake in USA public awareness of the problem was heightened in 1990 after the New York times.

73. OTHER COUNTRIES China, Eastern Europe and Russia are the areas, most affected by acid rain. The forests of upstate New York and New England. This shows that the effect of acid rain can spread over large areas , far from the source of the pollution. PH readings in rain and fog is below 2.4 have been reported in industrial areas it is a problem in Russia and China.

74. Acid rain was first observed by Robert Angus Smith in Manchester England. In 1991, NAPAP provided its first assessment of acid rain in the US. In 2007,In USA total SO2 emissions were 8.9 million tons , achieving the programs long term goal ahead of the 2010 statutory deadlines.

75. In 1994,Canada and the provinces began working with stakeholders to develop new national acid rain strategy since the 20kg/ha/ye deposition target. These negotiations resulted in a series of international agreements over the years that followed, beginning with the 1979 UNECE.

76. PREVENTIONS AND SOLUTIONS:- Decide which fossil fuels burn more clearly. Research new less-pollutant methods. Clean up smoke stacks and exhaust pipes. Almost all the electricity that power modern life comes from fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil. Coal accounts for most SO2 emission and a large portion of nitrogen oxides emissions.

77. Reduction of sulpher :- Using coal with less sulphur . Washing the coal. Burning natural gas creates less SO2. Use alternative energy sources such as nuclear power , wind power , solar energy , geothermal energy and hydropower.

78. Fit scrubbers into factories chimneys , which are chemical filters that remove impurities such as sulphur from smoke. Remove oxides of sulphur and nitrogen before releasing flue gas desulphurization. Fit catalytic converters to vehicle exhaust which remove the nitrogen oxides and dangerous chemicals.

79. RESTORE A DAMAGED ENVIRONMENT:- Acid deposition penetrates deeply into the fabric of an ecosystem changing the chemistry of soil and stream. It takes many years for ecosystem to recover from acid deposition , even emissions are reduced. Limestone or lime can be added to acidic lakes to cancel out the acidity. The process called liming has been extensively used in Norway and Sweden.

80. TAKE ACTION AS INDIVIDUALS:- Individuals can contribute in this case:- Buy vehicles with low nitrogen oxides emissions. Keep your thermostat at 68 degree F in winter and 72 degree F in summer. Install pollution control equipment.

81. PLANT A TREE:- There are finally something we don’t seems to have enough of. The tree will absorb some of the polluted air and put out clear, fresh oxygen.

82. Promote awareness of the issue .Government should also take actions in this regard. Now I have explained about causes of acid rain to you, you must aware other peoples who don’t know about this problem.

83. THE PROBLEM! Acid rain can travel long distances. Often it doesn’t fall where the gas is produced. High chimneys disperse(spread) the gases and winds blow them great distances before they dissolve and fall to earth as rain. E.g ; Gases produced in England and Western Europe can result in acid rain in Scotland and Scandinavia.

84. People probably couldn’t live without electricity! Therefore Coal will continue to be burnt. Also , electricity and energy are constantly being overused.