Glucose metabolism with flowchart made using ai

Glucose metabolism made using chat gpt

1. Glucose Metabolism Understanding Pathways and Clinical Implications Presented by: [Your Name] Internal Medicine Resident, [Your Institution]

2. Introduction to Glucose Metabolism • Glucose metabolism is essential for energy production. • Major pathways: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen metabolism, TCA cycle. • Balance between glucose intake and utilization ensures cellular energy homeostasis. • Clinical relevance: Dysregulation leads to diabetes, metabolic syndrome, etc.

3. Glucose Homeostasis • Regulation of blood glucose levels. • Importance of stable glucose levels for cellular function. • Hormonal regulation (Insulin, Glucagon).

4. Key Pathways of Glucose Metabolism • Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, TCA cycle. • Overview of glucose storage and utilization pathways.

5. Glycolysis Overview • Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. • Occurs in the cytoplasm. • First step in glucose utilization.

6. Glycolysis: Energy Yield • Net production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH. • Two phases: Energy investment and energy payoff.

7. Key Enzymes in Glycolysis • Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase. • Regulation by insulin, ATP, and AMP.

8. Glycolysis Pathway (Flowchart) Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate → Pyruvate ATP and NADH are produced during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate.

9. TCA Cycle (Flowchart) Acetyl-CoA → Citrate → Isocitrate → α-Ketoglutarate → Succinyl-CoA → Succinate → Fumarate → Malate → Oxaloacetate NADH, FADH₂, and GTP are produced in different steps of the cycle.

10. Electron Transport Chain (Flowchart) NADH/FADH₂ → Complex I/II → Ubiquinone → Complex III → Cytochrome C → Complex IV → Oxygen (final electron acceptor) Proton gradient drives ATP production via ATP synthase.

11. Gluconeogenesis (Flowchart) Pyruvate → Oxaloacetate → Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate → Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose Key enzymes: Pyruvate carboxylase, PEP carboxykinase, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.

12. Glycogenesis (Flowchart) Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose-1-phosphate → UDP-glucose → Glycogen Key enzyme: Glycogen synthase.

13. Glycogenolysis (Flowchart) Glycogen → Glucose-1-phosphate → Glucose-6-phosphate → Glucose Key enzyme: Glycogen phosphorylase.

14. Hormonal Regulation (Flowchart) Insulin: Stimulates glucose uptake → Glycolysis → Glycogenesis Glucagon: Stimulates Gluconeogenesis → Glycogenolysis Mainly affects liver, muscle, and adipose tissues.