GPRS EDGE 3G 4G

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

1. By S K G ochhayat 3 G

2. CONCEPTS OF GPRS,EDGE, 3G, IMS . A RTTC BHUBANESWAR PRESENTATION. PRESENTED BY S.K. GOCHHAYAT RTTC BBSR. 9437057070 [email protected]

3. First Mobile Radio Telephone 1924 Courtesy of Rich Howard

4. GSM Evolution GPRS 200 KHz carrier 115 Kbps peak data rates EDGE 200 KHz carrier Data rates up to 384 Kbps 8-PSK modulation Higher symbol rate UMTS 5 MHz carrier 2 Mbps peak data rates New IMT-2000 2 GHz spectrum GSM 200 KHz carrier 8 full-rate time slots 16 half-rate time slots GSM GPRS EDGE UMTS 3G 2.5G 2G HSCSD HSCSD Circuit-switched data 64 Kbps peak data rates

5. The Abbreviation GPRS = G eneral P acket R adio S ystem E GPRS = GPRS + EDGE modulation

6. Authentication, Authorization GTP tunneling to GGSN Ciphering & compression Mobility Management Session Management Interaction with HLR, MSC/VLR Charging & statistics NMS interfaces SGSN Role

7. GGSN Role Interface to external data networks Encapsulate in GTP and forwards end user data to right SGSN Routes mobile originated packets to right destination Filters end user traffic Collects charging and statistic information for data network usage

8. Different GPRS Capacity Types TRX 1 TRX 2 CCCH TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS TS Circuit Switched Territory Packet Switched Territory Territory border moves based on Circuit Switched traffic load GPRS Capacity Dedicated GPRS Capacity TS TS Additional GPRS Capacity TS TS

9. MS Class CLASS A: Supports simultaneous attach, simultaneous activation, simultaneous monitor, simultaneous invocation, and simultaneous traffic. CLASS B: Simultaneous traffic shall is not supported. The mobile user can make and/or receive calls on either of the two services sequentially but not simultaneously. The selection of the appropriate service is performed automatically CLASS C: Supports only non-simultaneous attach. Alternate use only. The status of the service which has not been selected is detached, that is, not reachable.

10. The Different Multi-slot Classes

11. System Overview

12. Mobility Management State Idle Standby Ready Packet TX/RX STANDBY Timer Expiry GPRS Attach / Detach READY Timer Expiry MS location known to SGSN level. MS is capable of receiving Point-to-Multipoint data and being paged for Point-to-Point data MS location not known. Subscriber is not reachable by the GPRS NW. MS location known to cell level. MS is transmitting or has just been transmitting. MS is capable of receiving Point-to-Point data and Point-to-Multipoint data.

13. Mobility Management states A GPRS MS has one of three mobility management states: The Idle state is used when MS is passive(not GPRS attached) Performing a GPRS attach, MS gets into Ready state. Standby state is entered when sub. has ended an active phase but is still attached to network.

14. PDP context activation After a successful GPRS attach , MS has to exchange data packets with external PDNs. It must get an IP address to be able to connect to external PDNs. This is PDP context activation. It is an IP allocation to MS.

15. Backbone Network Corporate Network ISP Network BTS SGSN GGSN BSC MSC/VLR MS GPRS PDP Context Activation SMS-G/IW MSC AUC HLR Activate PDP context Request Send Authentication Info. Send Authentication Info. ACK. Authentication and Ciphering Req. Create PDP context Request Create PDP context Response Activate PDP context Accept Authentication and Ciphering Response

16. 11.7EDGE (ENHANCED DATA FOR GSM EVOLUTION) Next step towards 3G for GSM/GPRS Networks Increased data rated up to 384 Kbps by bundling up to 8 channels of 48 Kbps/channel GPRS is based on modulation technique known as GMSK. EDGE is based on a new modulation scheme that allows a much higher bit rate across the air-interface called 8PSK modulation. Since 8PSK will be used for UMTS, network operators will be required to introduce this at some stage before migration to 3G.

17. EDGE – Provide 3G services today Provide 3G services with existing licenses New modulation optimized for wireless data services Link adaptation: Take highest possible rate Covered by existing GSM licenses Same channel structure, network infrastructure, frequency planning and protocol as today’s GSM

18. M S BTS PUC BSC MSC/VLR HLR SGSN GGSN Backbone Network ISP Network CorporateNetwork AUC SMS G/IW MSC Gb Gd Gs Gn Gr Gn Gi EDGE TRU M S Evolution to EDGE

19. voice voice voice voice voice voice voice voice voice voice Free TS Data Free TS Standard GSM Transceiver EDGE Transceiver EDGE increases capacity

20. More Data Users… Expecting Higher Performance… How will you respond to increasing data traffic & performance demands? EDGE is becoming an easy choice! 6 times the data capacity vs GPRS Up to 3x throughput vs. GPRS 3G services at 120 to 200 kb/s EDGE PA delivers 3G services with better data performance & capacity : up to + 20 % throughput increase Continuing to Drive GSM/EDGE Revenues ! Good EDGE coverage

21. TCU BSC BTS MSC Core Network HLR/AUC PSTN Access Network SCP A GPRS SGSN GGSN Intranet Internet PCUSN Backbone Gb EDGE ready Radios On the BTS SW Upgrade No changes On Core Network! Edge capable Terminals EDGE enables data speeds of 384K GPRS/EDGE Network Architecture

22. EDGE Channel Coding and Frame Structure 464 bits 1 data block Convolutional Coding Rate = 1/3 Length = 7 Puncture Interleave Burst N Burst N+1 Burst N+2 Burst N+3 Burst Format 8PSK Modulate 1392 bits 1392 bits 348 bits/ burst 348 bits 468.75 bits 156.25 symbols/slot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Time Slots 1 Time Slot = 576.92 µs Tail symbols 3 Data symbols 58 Tail symbols 3 Data symbols 58 Training symbols 26 Guard symbols 8.25 Modulation: 8PSK, 3 bits/symbol Symbol rate: 270.833 ksps Payload/burst: 348 bits Gross bit rate/time slot: 69.6 kbps - overhead = 59.2 kbps user data 20 msec frame with 4 time-slots for each of 8 bearers

23. EDGE Modulation, Channel Coding & Bit Rates Scheme Modulation Maximum rate [kb/s] Code Rate Family MCS-9 59.2 1.0 A MCS-8 54.4 0.92 A MCS-7 44.8 0.76 B MCS-6 29.6 0.49 A MCS-5 8PSK 22.4 0.37 B MCS-4 17.6 1.0 C MCS-3 14.8 0.80 A MCS-2 11.2 0.66 B MCS-1 GMSK 8.8 0.53 C

24. A ggressive frequency re-use  High spectrum efficiency  Increased co-channel interference Downlink Switched Beam Antenna SIGNAL OUTPUT INTERFERENCE SIGNAL SIGNAL OUTPUT BEAMFORMER WEIGHTS Uplink Adaptive Antenna SIGNAL INTERFERENCE BEAMFORMER BEAM SELECT Smart antennas provide substantial interference suppression for enhanced performance Smart Antennas for EDGE Key enhancement technique to improve system capacity and user experience Leverage Smart Antennas currently in development/deployment for IS-136 & GSM

25. 3G WCDMA Features Wideband Code Division Multiple Access High service flexibility support for services with variable rate support for simultaneous services support of multiple parallel variable-rate services on one connection packet and circuit switched services High data rates in 5 MHz 384 kbps with wide-area coverage. 2 Mbps with local coverage. Fast and efficient packet access. Higher capacity.

26. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] 20 (35) MHz for unpaired UTRA (TDD) 1920 1980 2110 2170 15 20 60 30 15 60 30 MHz 2 * 60 MHz for paired UTRA (FDD) 2 * 30 MHz for satelite Europe’s Spectrum Allocation for UTRA 1900 2010-25

27. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] Duplex Transmission: FDD & TDD UL DL Uplink band Downlink band Frequency split Frequency FDD Uplink band Downlink band Time split Time TDD Energy Energy Duplexing “Uplink” (UL) “Downlink” (DL) UL: Mobile -> Base Station DL: Base Station -> Mobile Two method: FDD: “Frequency Divison Duplex” Two separate frequency band for UL and DL TDD: “Time Division Duplex” One frequency band for UL and DL UL/DL

28. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] CDMA Principe spreading combining de-spreading Original Signal f P P f Spreaded Signal P P f f  air-interface P f de-spreading P P f f

29. WCDMA technical characteristics f t 10 ms frame 4.4-5.0 MHz P Optimized packet access on common or dedicated channel. High spectrum efficiency 5 MHz carriers Frequency Division Duplex, FDD 3.84 Mcps chip rate Variable spreading codes

30. Advantage of Spread Spectrum Wideband transmission being less sensitive to frequency selective interference and fading Power density of spectrum is decreased several times and the transfer of information is still possible even below background noise. Radio Network planning is easier compared to Networks using FDMA or TDMA as all the available freqencies can be used in all cells (frequency re-use = 1) CDMA is very spectrum efficient due to the possibility of using each carrier in each cell. There is no fixed capacity limit (number of users at the same time). The main limit is the increase in the level of interference from other subscribers which reduces the quality of service. The possibility of having soft handover in WCDMA can be an advantage . f f

31. Disadvantage of Spread Spectrum The power level of all UE transmission received at the BTS must be equal if the bit rates are equal and therefore fast power control is necessary. A UE in soft handover mode require the resources of more than one cell, the system capacity is reduced.

32. BITS 11001 SPREADING CHIPS 1101001001 Chip rate = Spreading F actor * Symbol R ate = C onstant = 3.84 Mchip/s Spreading Factor (SF) is the ratio between chip rate and the symbol rate! Relation between Chips and Bits

33. C 1 = {1} C 2.1 = {1 1} C 2.2 = {1 -1} C 4.1 = {1 1 1 1} C 4.2 = {1 1 -1 -1} C 4.3 = {1 -1 1 -1} C 4.4 = {1 -1 -1 1} SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 OVSF • Channelization codes of different length, depending on the bit rate • Ensures orthogonally even with different rates and spreading factors Code-tree of OVSF codes (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor)

34. Structure in UTRA Codes “Channelization Codes” Scrambling Codes FDD: BTS/UE “Gold Codes

35. C 2.1 = {1 1} C 4.2 = {1 1-1-1} C 8.3 = {11-1-111-1-1} C 8.4 = {11-1-1-1-111} SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 Unusable codes C 2.1 = {1 1} Using C 4.1 C 4.1 = {1111} C 8.1 = {11111111} C 8.2 = {1111-1-1-1-1} Using C 8.4 Unusable code Code tree restrictions

36. +1 -0.5 Divide by Code Length +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 Orthogonal code in Transmitter x x x +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 Transmitted Sequence = = = +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 8 -4 Integrate Result Integrate Integrate Integrate = = = +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Orthogonal Code used in Receiver x x x (a) Same Channelization Code; (b) Different Channelization codes; (c) Same code with non-zero time offset Transmitter Receiver Input Data +1 +1 +1 (a) (b) (c) Code Correlation using Channelization Codes

37. +1 -0.5 Divide by Code Length +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 Orthogonal code in Transmitter x x x +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 Transmitted Sequence = = = +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1+1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 8 -4 Integrate Result Integrate Integrate Integrate = = = +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 Orthogonal Code used in Receiver x x x (a) Same Channelization Code; (b) Different Channelization codes; (c) Same code with non-zero time offset Transmitter Receiver Input Data +1 +1 +1 (a) (b) (c) Code Correlation using Channelization Codes 100% Min Correlation 100% Max Correlation Unpredictable & important sync of codes

38. User Bitrate and Spreading Factor 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 15 30 60 120 240 480 960 1920 SF Chiprate Mchips/s User Bit rate Downlink SF Chiprate Mchips/s User Bitrate Uplink 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 3.84 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 15 30 60 120 240 480 960

39. SPREADING CODE GROUPS WCDMA Uses different types of codes, which can be divided into two main groups : Channelization Codes often referred to as Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF), Short Codes or Walsh Codes . This codes are used for channel separation of transmission from one transmitter (UE/BS) This codes are managed by RNC. Scrambling Codes often referred as Pseudo Noise Codes or Gold Codes . This codes are used to distinguish between different transmitters. The code gives a unique UE/BS identity. This codes are generated by shift register in UE & BS.

40. Channelization Codes (CC) CC1 & CC2 CC3,CC4 & CC5 In the Downlink Orthogonal Codes are used to distinguish between data channels from the same Base Station CC3,CC4,CC5 CC1 & CC2 In the Uplink Orthogonal Codes are used to distinguish between data channels from the same mobile

41. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] UTRA CC & SC codes in DL SC 2 CC 1 CC 2 CC 3 CC 4 Appl. 1 Appl. 2 Node-B SC 1 Node-B “Channelization Codes” (CC): “Scrambling codes” (SC):

42. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] UTRA CC & SC code in UL SC 2 CC 1 CC 2 Node-B CC 1 CC 2 CC 3 SC1 “Scrambling Codes” (SC) “Channelization codes”(CC)

43. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] WCDMA Principle spreading combining de-spreading Original Signal f P P f Spreaded Signal P P f f  air-interface P f de-spreading P P f f +1 -1 +1+1+1+1-1-1-1-1 -1-1+1+1+1+1-1-1 0 0+2+2 0 0-2-2 0 0+2+2 0 0+2+2 0 0 -2-2 0 0 -2 -2 +1+1+1+1-1-1-1-1 +1+1-1-1-1-1+1+1 +1+1+1+1-1-1-1-1 -1-1+1+1+1+1-1-1 0 0+2+2 0 0-2-2 0 0 +2+2 0 0 -2 -2 +1+1+1+1-1-1 -1 -1 + x 0 0 +2+2 0 0 -2 -2 +1+1-1-1 -1-1+1+1 x 8/8=+1 -8/8=-1

44. Scrambling and Channelization Codes 2 Data channels SC1 + CC1 + CC2 2 Data channels SC3 + CC1 + CC2 1 Data channel SC1 + CC3 2 Data channels SC4 + CC1 + CC2 User 1 User 2 3 Data channels SC5+CC1+CC2+CC3 3 Data channels SC6+CC1+CC2+CC3 User 3 User 4 BS2 BS1 Pilot, Broadcast SC1 + CCp + CCb Pilot, Broadcast SC 2 + CCp + CCb 3 Data channels SC2+CC1+CC2+CC3 3 Data channel SC2+CC4+CC5+CC6

45. Codes Statistics Total 2 18 - 1 = 262143 scrambling codes can be generated. Out of 262143 total 8192 codes are used. 8192 codes are divided into 512 code sets. Each codes sets contains 16 scrambling codes. Out of 16 scrambling codes 1 is primary scrambling code and 15 are secondary scrambling codes. Each scrambling code contains 256 channelization codes. Downlink Scrambling codes can be generated = 2 24 . Uplink

46. 8192 Downlink Scrambling Codes Each code is 38,400 chips of a 2 18 – 1 (262,143 chip) Gold sequence Code Group # 1 Primary SC o Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Primary SC o Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Primary SC 7 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Code Group # 1 Code Group # 1 Primary SC o Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Primary SC 504 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Primary SC 511 Secondary Scrambling Codes (15) Code Group # 64 Codes Statistics

47. Scrambling Codes are used to identify and distinguish cells from one another in WCDMA networks. These SCs are reported by the mobile users to the network to declare which cells they are able to connect to. The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256 chips, The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every slot. The PSC is the same for every cell in the system. ... This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.

48. Scrambling and Channelization Codes 2 Data channels SC1 + CC1 + CC2 2 Data channels SC3 + CC1 + CC2 1 Data channel SC1 + CC3 2 Data channels SC4 + CC1 + CC2 User 1 User 2 3 Data channels SC5+CC1+CC2+CC3 3 Data channels SC6+CC1+CC2+CC3 User 3 User 4 BS2 BS1 Pilot, Broadcast SC1 + CCp + CCb Pilot, Broadcast SC 2 + CCp + CCb 3 Data channels SC2+CC1+CC2+CC3 3 Data channel SC2+CC4+CC5+CC6

49. WCDMA is standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).   Based on the 3GPP reference network model, the WCDMA network can be considered to consist of four major components:   ·         User Equipment (UE) ·         Access Network (AN) ·         Core Network (CN) ·         Network External to WCDMA WCDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

50. 3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching SS7 IP/ATM BTS BSC MSC Server VLR HLR AuC GMSC server BSS SGSN GGSN PSTN PSDN CN C D Gc Gr Gn Gi Gb Abis Gs B H BSS — Base Station System BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller RNS — Radio Network System RNC — Radio Network Controller CN — Core Network MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server GMSC — Gateway MSC SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node A Nc 2G MS (voice only) 2G+ MS (voice & data) Node B RNC RNS Iub IuCS IuPS 3G UE (voice & data) Mc CS-MGW CS-MGW Nb PSTN Mc ATM

51. UE UTRAN CN Uu Iu UE – User Equipment RAN – Radio Access Network UTRAN – UMTS Terrestrial RAN CN – Core Network Basic UMTS Architecture

52. Iub = I nterface U tran Node- B Iur = I nterface U tran R NC Iu = I nterface U tran Uu = U tran U e RNC Iur Iub Iub Iu Iu Iub Node-B RNC Node-B Node-B Core N/W Uu Uu Uu

53. USIM ME Cu UE The 3G Network terminal is called UE and it contains two separate parts, Mobile Equipment (ME) and UMTS Service Identity Module (USIM). The Interface between USIM and UE is called Cu interface. User Equipment (UE)

54. Node B Node B RNC Node B Node B RNC The subsystem controlling the wideband radio access has different names, depending on the type of radio technology used. The general term is Radio Access Network (RAN). If especially talking about UMTS with WCDMA radio access, the name UTRAN or UTRA is used UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Iur RNS RNS Iub Iub

55. The UTRAN is divided into Radio Network Subsystem (RNS). One RNS consist of set of radio elements and their corresponding controlling element. In UTRAN the radio element is Node B or Base Station (BS), and the controlling element is Radio Network Controller (RNC). The RNSs are connected to each other over access network-internal interface Iur UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Node B Node B RNC Node B Node B RNC Iur RNS RNS Node B Node B RNC Node B Node B RNC Iur RNS RNS Iub Iub

56. Radio Network Controller (RNC) It is the switching and controlling element of the UTRAN. It is located between the Iub and Iu interface. It also has the third interface called Iur for inter-RNS connection. It interfaces the core network. It terminates the Radio Resource Control (RRC). It logically corresponds to the GSM BSC. It controls the mobility and handover within the RAN. It supports Radio Access Bearer (RAB) services with CS and PS data.

57. Radio Network Controller (RNC) Logical Roles of the RNC. Controlling RNC (CRNC) Serving RNC (SRNC) Drift RNC (DRNC) One Physical RNC normally contains all the CRNC , SRNC and DRNC functionality.

58. Radio Network Controller (RNC) Controlling RNC (CRNC) The RNC controlling one Node B (i.e terminating the Iub interface towards the Node B) is indicated as the controlling RNC of the Node B. The CRNC is responsible for the load and congestion control of its own cells and also executes the admission control and code allocation for new radio link to be established in those cell.

59. Radio Network Controller (RNC) In case one mobile – UTRAN connection uses resources from more than one RNS , the RNCs involved have two separate roles with respect to this mobile – UTRAN connection Serving RNC (SRNC) Drift RNC (DRNC)

60. Radio Network Controller (RNC) Serving RNC (SRNC) The serving RNC for one mobile is the RNC that terminates both the Iu link for the transport of user data and the corresponding RAN application part signalling to / from the CN (this connection is referred to as the RANAP connection) The SRNC also terminates the signaling protocol between the UE and UTRAN.

61. Radio Network Controller (RNC) Serving RNC (SRNC) It performs the L2 processing of the data to / from the radio interface. Basic RRM operations such as the mapping of radio access bearer (RAB) parameters into air interface transport channel parameter, the handover decision and the outer loop power control are executed in the SRNC. The SRNC may also (but not always) be the CRNC of some Node B used by the mobile connection with UTRAN. One UE connected to UTRAN has one and only one SRNC

62. Radio Network Controller (RNC) Drift RNC (DRNC) The DRNC is any RNC , other than the SRNC , that controls cells used by the mobile. The DRNC does not perform L2 processing of the user plane data but routes the data transparently between Iub and Iur interfaces. One UE may have zero , one or more DRNCs

63. Power Control

64. Power Control What? The Transmitter adapts the output power according to Path Loss Why? Mainly to solve the “Near-Far” problem Goal is that all users should experience the same SIR How? Open Loop Power control (Initially, No signaling) Inner Loop Power control (Signaling channel, continuously: 1500 times/s, relative changes: up or down) Outer loop Power control (Between BTS and RNC)

65. [email protected] Power Control in CDMA system Essential in CDMA system: Power Control system Node-B UE1 UE2 D2 D1 “Near-Far problem” D: Distance UE: User Equipment Uplink: Because of different attenuation signals to/from users nearer to BS are stronger than signals to/from further located users. Downlink : Because of the nature of attenuation at the cell border the users experience higher interference that near to the BS. They have high level of interfering signals from own BS and from other BS. D1 > D2 P1 > P2 Signal of UE1 will dominates signal of UE2 UE3

66. Power Control Implementation Open-loop: (Initially) UE measure received BS power & read BS transmit power – calculate initial transmit power. access acknowledged?? Increase UE power by 1dB Inner-loop (Fast) Power Control: BS compare received UE – power & power target value (SIR) Increase/decrease UE power, 1dB, 1500 times/sec Outer-loop (Slow) Power Control: FER measured by BS RNC increases/decreases power target value of the Inner-loop (SIR), 1 time/sec RNC Core Network Closed Loop Power Control (CLPC) During call SIR – Symbol to interference Ratio FER – Frame Error Rate

67. [email protected] UTRA Power Control Types “ Open Loop Power Control ” UE increase the power until get the response from RNC Node-B “Inner Loop Power Control” UL/DL: Node B command UE TPC up/down (SIR versus SIRdef) 1500 PC cycle/sec “Outer Loop Power Control” RNC control UE SIRdef in order to maintain the quality of radio channel SIR: Signal-to- Interference Ratio TPC: Transmit Power Control Node-B RNC

68. [email protected] UTRA Power Control Types “ Open Loop Power Control ” UE increase the power until get the response from RNC Node-B Basically used for uplink. UE adjust its uplink transmission power level in a way that is inversely proportional to the pilot signal power level. Consequently the stronger the received pilot signal, the lower the UE transmitted power.

69. UE Node B Pilot Strength Estimate Ptrx = 1/ Pilot strength Estimate Power Control Open Loop Power Control If this attempt is unsuccessful, it will increase the power in steps and retry. In addition UE receive information about the allowed power parameters from the cell BCCH when in idle mode. UE adjust transmission power based on an estimate of the received signal level from the base station Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) when the UE is in idle mode and prior to physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission.

70. Power Control Closed Loop Power Control (Inner loop) Utilized when radio connection has already been established. Main target is to compensate the effect of rapid changes in the radio signal strength. TPC commands 1500 times per sec. Step size 1,2 or 3 db. Power control decision on the basis of pre defined SIR value. Should be fast enough to compensate for a Rayleigh fading , which depends on radio frequency and speed of the UE.

71. Power Control Closed Loop Power Control (Outer loop) RNC comes into the picture. RNC adjust threshold SIR values as per changing radio condition , bit error rate (BER) , Block error rate (BLER). Not to high, not too low SIR threshold value. If received quality of uplink is better than the required quality , the SIR target is decreased , if not SIR target is increased.

72. Cell Breathing

73. Cell Breathing Coverage / Capacity BS 1 BS 2 Fully loaded system Unloaded system • When the cell load is low coverage area is more. (Expansion) When the cell load is high coverage area low. (Shrinking) Cell breathing provides a degree of load balancing.

74. Multipath Propagation 1 t t 2 t 3 t Time Dispersion t 1 t t 2 t 3 t Multipath fading

75. C O M B I N E R Power measurements of neighboring BS Sum of individual multipath components Finger #1 Finger #2 Finger #3 Searcher Finger Finger #N Buffer/delay Correlators Channel The RAKE Receiver

76. WCDMA Handover Management IN

77. TYPES OF HANDOVERS Inter - Radio Access Technology Handover Inter - Frequency Handover Intra - Frequency Handover

78. TYPES OF HANDOVERS

79. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] Handover Hard HO versus Soft HO Hard HO TDD/TDD FDD/FDD by verandering CN Inter-system HO (FDD/TDD, UMTS/GSM) Soft HO Intra-systeem FDD/FDD Softer HO Node B internal Inter - Frequency Handover

80. UMTS Technology by skgochhayat. [email protected] Handover Intra-RNC versus Inter-RNC Intra-RNC Soft HO slechts 1 RNC betrokken RNC Iub Iub Iub CN Iu Inter-RNC Soft HO S-RNC: combining/Splitting + RR allocation D-RNC: RR allocatie D-RNC  S-RNC RNC Iub Iub Iub CN Iu Iur RNC

81. PROCESS OF HANDOVER

82. Received Power Without Soft Handover time Trouble zone: Prior to Hard Handover, the UE causes excessive interference to BS2 BS2 Receive Power Target UE responding to BS1 power control bits UE responding to BS2 power control bits time BS1 Receive Power Target

83. Received Power With Soft Handover time BS2 Receive Power Target 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 UE responding to BS1 power control commands UE responding to BS2 power control commands time BS1 Receive Power Target 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 BS1 BS2 Action 0 0 Reduce power 0 1 Reduce power 1 0 Reduce power 1 1 Increase power UE responds to power control commands from both BS1 and BS2

84. Soft Handover Diversity Gain in the Uplink SRNC CN Good block Block in error

85. Soft Handover Diversity Gain in the Downlink

86. 4- New RL 3- Add 1- CPICH SRNC 2- Report Principles of Adding a New Cell to the Active Set, i.e. Soft Handover

87. Signaling Flow When Changing the Active Set RNC UE Perform Measurement RNC Evaluation UE Evaluation Radio Link Addition MEASUREMENT CONTROL message (DCCH) MEASUREMENT REPORT message (DCCH) Radio Link Add/Remove/Replace Radio Link Removal RNC Evaluation MEASUREMENT CONTROL message (DCCH) ACTIVE SET UPDATE (DCCH) ACTIVE SET UPDATE COMPLETE Execution

88. HANDOVER EVENTS 1a - To Add a new Cell to the Active Set 1b - To Delete a new Cell from the Active Set 1c - To Replace a Cell in the Active Set 1d - To Change the best cell in the Active Set

89. The Basis for Event 1a Measurement Parameters Involved in Event 1a M new - The measurement result of the cell entering the reporting range M i - Measurement result of a cell in the Active Set N A - Number of cells in the current Active Set M Best - Measurement result of the strongest cell in the Active Set W - A parameter used for tuning and is sent from WCDMA RAN to the UE reportingRange1a - A relative threshold referred to the CPICH of the best cell (if W=0) in the Active Set used as evaluation criteria for event 1a hysterisis1a - Hysterisis used in addition-window in evaluation criteria for event 1a to avoid ping pong effects To Add a new Cell to the Active Set

90. The Basis for Event 1b Measurement Parameters Involved in Event 1b M old is the measurement result of the cell leaving the reporting range M i is a measurement result of a cell in the AS N A is the number of cells in the current AS M Best is the measurement reault of the strongest cell in the AS W is a parameter used for tuning and is sent from WCDMA RAN to the UE reportingRange1b is a relative threshold referred to the CPICH of the best cell (if W=0) in the Active Set used as evaluation criteria for event 1b hysterisis1b is a hysterisis used in drop window in evaluation criteria for event 1b to avoid ping pong effects To Delete a new Cell from the Active Set

91. Reporting Event 1a and 1b (Add and Delete) reportingRange1a Measurement quantity time P_CPICH best cell timeToTrigger1b reportingRange1b timeToTrigger1a P_CPICH 2 Hysteresis1a/2 Hysteresis1a/2 Hysteresis1b/2 Hysteresis1b/2 measQuantity1 (Ec/No or RSCP)

92. Reporting of Event 1c (Replace) hyst1c/2 Measurement quantity time P_CPICH 1 timeToTrigger1c P_CPICH 2 P_CPICH 3 P_CPICH 4 hyst1c/2 measQuantity1 (Ec/No or RSCP) Example: maxActiveSet = 3

93. Reporting of Event 1d (Change of Best Cell) Measurement quantity time P_CPICH 1 timeToTrigger1d P_CPICH 2 P_CPICH 3 Hysteresis1d/2 Hysteresis1d/2 measQuantity1 (Ec/No or RSCP)

94. 3G rel4 Architecture (UMTS) — Soft Switching SS7 IP/ATM BTS BSC MSC Server VLR HLR AuC GMSC server BSS SGSN GGSN PSTN PSDN CN C D Gc Gr Gn Gi Gb Abis Gs B H BSS — Base Station System BTS — Base Transceiver Station BSC — Base Station Controller RNS — Radio Network System RNC — Radio Network Controller CN — Core Network MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller VLR — Visitor Location Register HLR — Home Location Register AuC — Authentication Server GMSC — Gateway MSC SGSN — Serving GPRS Support Node GGSN — Gateway GPRS Support Node A Nc 2G MS (voice only) 2G+ MS (voice & data) Node B RNC RNS Iub IuCS IuPS 3G UE (voice & data) Mc CS-MGW CS-MGW Nb PSTN Mc ATM

95. 3G rel5 Architecture (UMTS) — IP Multimedia Gb/IuPS A/IuCS SS7 IP/ATM BTS BSC MSC Server VLR HSS AuC GMSC server BSS SGSN GGSN PSTN CN C D Gc Gr Gn Gi Abis Gs B H IM — IP Multimedia sub-system MRF — Media Resource Function CSCF — Call State Control Function MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP) IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW Nc 2G MS (voice only) 2G+ MS (voice & data) Node B RNC RNS Iub 3G UE (voice & data) Mc CS-MGW CS-MGW Nb PSTN Mc IuCS IuPS ATM IM IP PSTN Mc MGCF IM-MGW MRF CSCF Mg Gs IP Network

96. IMS Key Elements CSCFs (“Call Session Control Functions”) provide handling of SIP signalling in the network Three flavours of CSCF – allows “home IMS” and “access provider” networks to be separated “Proxy-CSCF” – manages access to IMS local to the IP anchor point “Interrogating-CSCF” – finds the right Serving-CSCF “Serving-CSCF” – provides user services HSS (“Home Subscriber Server”) provides centralised database of subscription and service information Policy nodes such as a PCRF (“Policy and Charging Rules Function”) manages policy for handling IP flows in network Application Server – Provides value added applications on top of IMS framework HSS I-CSCF S-CSCF SGSN GGSN P-CSCF To External PDN, Other IMS etc. From External PDN, Other IMS etc. PCRF P-CSCF PCRF GGSN Home Network Visited Network/ Access Provider App. Server IP cloud SIP message flow non-SIP interfaces Access

97. IMS Architecture PS UE SGSN Internet HSS IMS P-CSCF GGSN Application Server SIP phone Media Server Gi/Mb Mw Mg Mb Mb Gi Mn MGCF TDM IM-MGW ISUP Mb Mb Cx Go Signaling CSCF — Call Session Control Function IM-MGW — IM-Media Gateway MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function MRF — Media Resource Function MRF Gm SIP Mp PSTN CPE ISC CSCF

98. IMS Concepts (2) In Rel.5, services controlled in home network (by S-CSCF) But executed anywhere (home, visited or external network) and delivered anywhere UE Visited IMS Gm P-CSCF S-CSCF Internet Application Server Home IMS Mw Media Server Application Servers PS UE Gm P-CSCF PS Service control Service execution SIP phone ISC ISC ISC

99. MMD Architecture — 3GPP2 MultiMedia Domain MS Access Gateway Internet AAA MMD SIP phone Signaling AAA — Authentication, Authorization & Accounting MGW — Media Gateway MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function MRFC — Media Resource Function Controller MRFP — Media Resource Function Processor PSTN CPE Databases Core QoS Manager ISUP MGCF TDM MGW Mobile IP Home Agent Border Router Packet Core Session Control Manager MRFC MRFP MRF IM-MGW + MGCF P-SCM = P-CSCF I-SCM = I-CSCF S-SCM = S-CSCF L-SCM = Border Gateway Control Functions Integrated in P-CSCF 3GPP / 3GPP2 mapping

100. 4G (HSPA+) Frequencies:  Band 2  (1900 MHz),  Band 4  (1700/2100 MHz) Voice and data services can work simultaneously. 4G offers incredibly fast download speeds, nearly as fast as 4G LTE

101. 4G LTE Frequencies:  Band 2  (1900 MHz),  Band 4  (1700/2100 MHz),  Band 5  (850 MHz),  Band 12  (700 MHz),  Band 66  (Extension of band 4 on 1700/2100 MHz),  Band 71  (600 MHz) Voice and data services can work simultaneously only on VoLTE . (If VoLTE is turned off or the device does not support it, then LTE is only data.) 4G LTE offers incredibly fast download speeds, up to 50% faster speeds than 3G.

102. VoLTE VoLTE (Voice over LTE) allows you to place and receive calls on our LTE data network, and it's available nationwide. Placing a call connects twice as fast. Switching between 4G VoLTE and Wi-Fi Calling does not drop a call. HD Voice on VoLTE HD Voice is a feature that improves in-call voice quality nationwide for compatible phones. Voice call quality is more true-to-life, with less background noise. It automatically activates, if you and the person you're calling are both using supported phones on VoLTE . Enhanced Voice Services (EVS) is another codec for HD Voice that further enhances call quality. It is available on specific device models, such as those made by Apple.

103. Wideband LTE Wideband LTE delivers up to 50% faster LTE speeds, on a network that's already delivering blazing fast speeds. Increasing to wideband provides both greater speeds and the ability to handle more customers. This is created by expanding our basic 5 + 5 or 10 + 10 LTE capacity and increasing it to 15 + 15 or 20 + 20.

104. Frequency bands Frequency Band # Network technology 1900 MHz 2 4G LTE 4G (HSPA+) 3G (UMTS/HSPA) 2G (GSM/GPRS/EDGE) 1700/2100 MHz (AWS) 4 4G LTE 4G (HSPA+) 3G (UMTS/HSPA) 66 4G LTE 850 MHz 5 4G LTE 700 MHz 12 4G LTE 600 MHz 71 4G LTE

105. Telecom Circle Airtel Reliance Jio Vodafone Idea Cellualr BSNL Aircel Orissa BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 no Delhi BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3 No No Mumbai BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3 No No Kolkata BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3 No BAND 40 Andhra Pradesh BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3, 41 No BAND 40 Gujarat BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 40, 41 BAND 3, 41 No No Karnataka BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3 No BAND 40 Maharastra BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 40, 41 No No Tamil Nadu BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3 No BAND 40 Haryana BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 No Kerala BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 40, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 Madhya Pradesh BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3, 40, 41 BAND 41 No Punjab BAND 3, 40 BAND 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3 BAND 41 No Rajasthan BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 40, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 Uttar Pradesh (East) BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 40, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 No Uttar Pradesh (West) BAND 3, 40 BAND 5, 40 BAND 40, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 West Bengal BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 No Assam BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 Bihar BAND 3, 40 BAND 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 Himachal Pradesh BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 No Jammu & Kashmir BAND 3, 40 BAND 5, 40 BAND 3 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40 North East BAND 3, 40 BAND 3, 5, 40 BAND 3, 41 BAND 3, 41 BAND 41 BAND 40

106. 3GPP RELEASES 3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA

107. 3GPP RELEASES 3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks ( HetNet ), Coordinated Multipoint ( CoMP ), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services, Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling , elevation beamforming , massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication, eMBMS enhancements. Release 13 Q1 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G Release 15 End 2018 5G Phase 1 specification Release 16 2020 5G Phase 2 specification

108. IMT-2020 - Final submission

109. IMS VoLTE RTTC BBSR

110. IMS VOLTE

111. THANKS