Grafting and its types in fruit crops

grafting, graft incompatability & types of grafting in fruit crops

1. Speaker: Y. POOJA RHM/17-28 Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University College Of Horticulture Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Term Paper Presentation BUDDING AND GRAFTING METHODS FSC - 591

2. Welcome

3. OUT LINE 1. BUDDING Definition Benefits Methods 2. GRAFTING Definition Benefits Methods 3. Reasons for grafting & budding 4. Bud wood selection 5. Case studies

4. Types of Budding & Grafting Shield budding Patch budding Chip budding Ring budding Modified ring budding Forkert budding Modified forkert budding 1.Veneer grafting 2. Whip grafting Tongue grafting Cleft grafting Wedge grafting Bridge grafting Epicotyl grafting Soft wood grafting Inarching Double working Top working Frame working

5. BUDDING: The process of connecting the scion, which is a bud, and rootstock in a manner such that they may unite and grow successfully as one plant is termed as budding. BENEFITS OF BUDDING: The tree produces good fruit. The tree fruits sooner. You don't need to wait for other seasons and methods. To be able to produce good trees in your own time. To use time efficiently. To save having to buy fruit seedlings. To increase farm production. To develop new skills . To increase production from less land.

6. How to do budding ? 1. Selecting bud wood for budding 2. Cutting the selected bud 3. Preparing the bud 4. Preparing the rootstock 5. Joining the bud to the rootstock 6. Binding the bud 7. Remove the plastic 8. Cut the upper portion of the rootstock. When to do Budding ? Budding should be done in the early Summer when new shoots are sprouting and sap flow is high.

7. METHODS OF BUDDING 1. SHIELD BUDDING: Boat shaped bud of 2.5 to 3.0 cm length Shield budding : the bud is inserted by making the vertical incision on rootstock T- budding : T shaped incision is made to insert bud Inverted T budding. Suitable to plants having thin skinned shoots. Procedure: Budding made at 10-25 cm ht. on rootstock Insert the bud on incision of root stock Wrapped air tightly using 300 gauge polythene tape leaving the bud exposed

8. BUDDING….. Shield budding

9. BUDDING…. 2. PATCH BUDDING: Suitable for propagating the plants having comparatively thick bark. PROCEDURE: Square or rectangular shape bud. Similar size incision is made on rootstock. The bud is placed on rootstock. Polythene tape is wrapped on the bud leaving the sprouting portion exposed. Wrapping prevents the desiccation of the bud and thus favours sprouting.

10. BUDDING….. Patch budding

11. BUDDING…. 3. CHIP BUDDING: Practiced during the period when there is lack of sap flow and bud does not slip out easily from the bark. Time of budding : February- March. Procedure: bud is taken out from scion shoot along with wood Similar size incision is made on rootstock. The bud is placed on rootstock. Polythene tape is wrapped on the bud leaving the sprouting portion exposed.

12. BUDDING….. Chip budding

13. BUDDING 4. RING BUDDING: Scion: Ring shaped bark of 2.5-3.0 cm length containing bud On terminal portion of the rootstock, incision similar size of bud is made. Care is taken that bud is centrally located. The bud wood is made fit on rootstock. For fitting the bud, it is slipped downward by rotating it slowly and slowly till it fits tightly. The bud should fit exactly without any vacant space. No wrapping is required for this method.

14. BUDDING….. Ring budding

15. BUDDING…. 5. MODIFIED RING BUDDING: Instead of tacking out complete circular ring of bark containing bud, the bud wood is taken out from scion shoot by giving a vertical slit in bud wood. On suitable portion of the rootstock similar size bark is taken out from the rootstock. The scion is fitted on the rootstock and wrapped using the polythene tape of 300 gauge. Rooting: sometimes due to leaching of rain water through rootstock via slit of scion bud, rooting is noticed. To avoid such type of problem the vertical slit of the bud is sealed using the paraffin wax.

16. BUDDING….. Modified Ring Budding

17. BUDDING…. 6. FORKERT BUDDING: SCION: 2-3 cm length and 0.5-1.0 cm width is taken from scion shoot. Similar size incision is made on rootstock. The bud is placed on rootstock at the ht. of 5-10 cm. While making incision, the vertical flap of the bark is left intact with lower portion of the rootstock. Bud is covered with flap of bark and then wrapped using polythene tape. After establishment of bud union, upper portion of the rootstock is removed in 2-3 instalments. In sub tropical climate, where excessive temperature prevails, covering the bud through flap of bark helps in maintaining the moist condition and keeps temperature in favourable range.

18. BUDDING….. Forkert budding

19. BUDDING…. MODIFIED FORKERT BUDDING: Vertical flap of bark is covered to base portion of the bud only. Thus, the need to remove flap as in forkert method is not required. Rest all similar to forkert budding.

20. METHOD OF BUDDING EXAMPLE Shield budding Rose, Apple, Pear, Peaches, Apricot, Cherry, Sweet Orange etc. Patch budding Jack Fruit, Aonla , Mango, Jamun, Chestnut Etc. Chip budding Apple, Pear, Grapes Ring budding Ber , Peach, Mulberry Modified ring budding Guava, Ber Walnut, Pecan Nut Forkert budding Mango, Jackfruit, Cashew

21. GRAFTING: Grafting is a technique of propagation in which scion stick (shoot containing more than one bud) and rootstock is connected in a manner such that they unite and subsequently grow and develop as a successful plant. An interstock or intermediate rootstock may be used with some fruit trees where a degree of incompatibility occurs: Interstocks are not normally needed with ornamental plants. Grafting with interstocks is referred to as double working.

22. 1. To propagate plants which cannot be economically propagated by other techniques Eg . Cultivars of ornamental shrubs and trees 2. To control the growth and performance of trees Eg . 1. Apple and pear orchards 2. Malling series rootstocks 3. Malling 27, 26, 9 3. To confer resistance to pathogens to the grafted plant 1. Wax flowers 2. Avocados 3. Grapes 4. Tomatoes BENEFITS OF GRAFTING

23. 4. Grafting to obtain special effects in plants: Eg . Weeping standards 2 citrus fruits on the same tree Multicolored rose plants 5. Grafting as an orchard management technique Top working of fruit trees to change varieties Eg . Frame working of fruit trees to assist pollination 6. To bring fruiting plants into fruit production earlier in the life of the plant: All fruit crops which are commercially grafted Fruit at 2-3 years

24. Factors of importance in the healing of a graft union a graft union Time of year Scion material at correct stage of growth Standard of carpentry Tying of the graft Growing environment

25. GRAFTING VENEER GRAFTING: On rootstock : shallow, downward and inward cut ensuring V- shape incision in lower portion of incision on rootstock is prepared. Scion: A terminal shoot of 10-15 cm length having pencil thickness is used as a scion. Similar matching cut in slanting manner is prepared on lower portion of the scion. PROCEDURE: Both rootstock and scion are fastened together using 300 gauge polythene tape of 0.5 cm width. In about 3-4 weeks, union is completed. When the scion sprouts completely, the upper portion of rootstock above graft union is removed in 2-3 instalments.

26. GRAFTING …. 2. WHIP GRAFTING: One year old rootstock are used and scion of matching thickness are used.

27. GRAFTING …. 3. TONGUE GRAFTING: Slanting cut similar to whip grafting is prepared on rootstock and scion. The second cut is also given in reverse direction on previous cut in rootstock and scion. The second cut is started downward at about one third distance from tip and should continue to about ½ the length of the first cut. The stock and scion are inserted which interlock each other. Both rootstock and scion are fastened together using 300 gauge polythene tape of 0.5 cm width. In about 3-4 weeks, union is completed. When the scion sprouts completely, the upper portion of rootstock above graft union is removed in 2-3 instalments.

28. GRAFTING …. 4. Cleft grafting:

29. GRAFTING ….

30. GRAFTING …. 5. WEDGE GRAFTING: This method is also used for top working old tree. V- shape incision of about 5 cm length is prepared on the stub of the plant. Shallow and downward matching incision is prepared on lower portion of the scion. The scion is inserted in rootstock firmly. The incised portion of the rootstock is waxed properly.

31. GRAFTING …. 6. Bridge grafting:

32. GRAFTING …. 7. APPROACH GRAFTING : Two independent plants are grafted together After union, the top of the stock and the base of the scion are removed Used when other methods are unsuccessful ( Eg : Camellia) Often done on plants in containers Three methods: a) Spliced b) Tongued c) Inlay-approach Grafting

33. GRAFTING ….

34. GRAFTING …. 8. EPICOTYLE / STONE GRAFTING: Seeds of mango sown in nursery bed and covered with 5cm to 7 cm thick layer of FYM. In about 15-20 days seeds start germination . The germinated seedlings of 7 to 10 days old age , when its leaves remain coppery colour, is used for grafting. The seedlings are deheaded at a ht. of 10 cm from ground level. The vertical slit of 2.5 to 4 cm length is given on deheaded portion of the rootstock. Scion shoot of 2 to 3 months age having pencil thickness is used. The leaves of scion is defoliated 10 days before grafting to facilitate sprouting. Both rootstock and scion are fastened together using 300 gauge polythene tape of 0.5 cm width.

35. GRAFTING….. Epicotyl Grafting

36. GRAFTING …. 9. SOFT WOOD GRAFTING: When the plant become one year old and attains pencil thickness, it is used for the grafting. The grafting is done at permanent site of the field it self. Grafting time : rainy season Scion: 10-15 cm length, 3-5 months age of pencil thickness Rootstock is beheaded at 15-20 cm ht. from ground level. Vertical slit of 2.5 to 4.0 cm length is given on rootstock. Similar matching incision is prepared on the scion. Both rootstock and scion are fastened together using 300 gauge polythene tape of 0.5 cm width. In about 3-4 weeks, sprouting starts and graft start growing.

37. GRAFTING …. 10. DOUBLE WORKING: In some situations scion cultivar fail to grow if grafted directly over the rootstock, to avert this situation, an intermediate stock is used in between rootstock and scion. Ex: Pear Barlett Variety Root stock: Quince Interstock : old home Scion: barlette

38. GRAFTING …. 11. TOP WORKING: It is the process of converting an undesirable plant into desirable plant . The plants are headed back within one meter ht. from ground level during spring . The new shoots appears in response of heading back are selected and vegetative propagation method is resorted during June - July. While selecting shoot, it should be taken into account that pencil thick shoots fit well to undertake propagation metho d. In sub tropical regions, high solar radiation causes sun burn injury to the beheaded main stem. It is counter- checked by white washing the stem. Young plants with trunk diameter of 2.5-20 cm are considered ideal for top working.

39. GRAFTING …. SPECIAL GRAFTING TECHNIQUES: 1. Root Grafting 2. Nurse Root Grafting 3. Crown Grafting 4. Herbaceous Grafting 5. Green Wood Grafting 6. Nurse- Seed Grafting 7. Cutting- Grafts 8. Softwood Grafting 9. Micrografting

40. Type Of Grafting Example Veneer Grafting Mango Whip Grafting Apple, Pear, Walnut Tongue Grafting Apple, Pear, Walnut Cleft Grafting Mango, Hazelnut, Pecannut , Grape Etc. Wedge Grafting Top Working Of Old Trees Bridge Grafting Repairing Damaged Wood In Apple, Pear, Cherry, Walnut Epicotyl Grafting Mango Soft Wood Grafting In- Situ Grafting In Mango Inarching Mango, Jack, Sapota, Custard Apple, Loquat Double Working Pear

41. REASONS FOR GRAFTING & BUDDING When other methods of asexual propagation are not successful Eg : Mango and sapota . Plants propagated on their own roots may be weak, susceptible to pests and diseases, or to any adverse environmental condition or not adaptable to particular soil and climate. For converting poor trees to more desirable once by top-working. For overcoming the pollination problems : self fertile varieties may be grafted on self sterile trees. For fancy purposes, different types of scion may be grafted in the same plat. To modify the growth of the plant as dwarf one by employing suitable dwarfing rootstocks. Occasionally the roots, trunk or large limbs of trees are severely damaged by winter injury, cultivation implements, certain diseases or rodent. But use of bridge grafting or inarching , such damage can be repaired and the tree saved

42. BUD-WOOD SELECTION For any successful budding/ grafting methods, the importance of healthy and good bud-wood is always realised. The success of budding/ grafting mainly depends on the bud-wood. So collect the bud-wood from ideal plant. Characteristics of ideal mother plant are: It should be healthy. It should be vigorous. It should be productive. It should be true-to-type mother plants. It should have ability to give high yield with good quality fruits.

43. Case study 1

44. Grafting serves a spectrum of purposes: To boost plant growth and development To control wilt caused by pathogens To reduce viral, fungal and bacterial infection To strengthen tolerance to thermal or saline stress To increase nutrient and mineral uptake to the shoot, etc. They have examined the advantages Grafting plants for current agriculture, these being: resistance to evermore frequent soil diseases; tolerance of low temperatures Characteristic of many latitudes of the world where intensive cultivation is economically important tolerance to the growing problem of salinity from abuse of chemical fertilizers and desertification in many agricultural zones; and enhanced water and inorganic-nutrient uptake. All these advantages provide motivation for grafting in present-day world agriculture. Rivero et al., 2003 .

45. Case study - 2

46. Field experiment was carried out to find the response of Dashehari Mango. 25th July 1. Veneer 10th August 2. Softwood 25th August 3. Epicotyl Syed et al., (2017)

47. Syed et al., (2017)

48. Syed et al., (2017)

49. Syed et al., (2017)

50. REFERENCE: Basic Horticulture – Jithendra Singh Introductory Horticulture Propagation of Horticulture Crops www.google.com

51. SUBMITTED TO : Smt. NAGA HARSHITHA Department of Fruit Science.

52. Thankyou …