Grafting ppt

recent advances on grafting and other propagation technques in vegetables

1. Research Advances In Grafting And Propagation Techniques In Vegetables Versha kumari and Sunidhi Mishra Ph.D Scholar Department of Vegetable science

2. What is Grafting ? Sustainable vegetable production Improvement in yield quality Stress tolerance (Abiotic and biotic) Production of vegetable in non- traditional areas Vegetable cultivation in frazil region eco-system Finally to combat problem of malnutrition

3. What is Vegetable Grafting Scion Rootstock

4. History and Current Status The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus Matsum . et Nakai ) grafted onto pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata ) rootstock (Lee 1994) Soon after, watermelons ( Citrullus lanatus ) were grafted onto bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) rootstocks. Eggplant ( Solanum melongena ) was grafted onto scarlet eggplant ( Solanum integrifolium   Poir .) in the 1950s. Later, grafting was introduced to North America from Europe in the late 20th century and it is now attracting growing interest, both from greenhouse growers and organic producers (Kubota et al. 2008)

5. More over, in organic cultivation of vegetables grafting eliminates the use of chemicals in disease control. Because of the above said reasons it is now attracting growing interest, both from greenhouse growers and organic producers. This process is now common in Asia, parts of Europe and the Middle East (Davis et al. 2008). “It is an old technology with new techniques”

6. (Davies et al., 2008; Lee, 1994; Lee, 2003; Lee and Oda, 2003; Lykas et al., 2008; Oda, 2007; Rivero et al., 2003) What can we benefit from growing grafted vegetables? Resistance/tolerance to biotic stress Tolerance to environmental stresses (abiotic tress) e.g., low temperature, salinity, drought, flooding Enhanced nutrient and water uptake Improved plant growth Yield increase Rootstock effect on fruit quality

7. S c ion Rootstock Desirable belowground qualities Desirable aboveground traits Complementary to breeding programs “graft hybrid” rapid deployment of new genetic sources take full advantage of germplasm What can we benefit from growing grafted vegetables ?

8. Benefits of Vegetable Grafting Resistance/tolerance to biotic stress(soil born diseases) Fusarium wilt : cucumber, melon , watermelon, tomato Fusarium crown and root rot: tomato , cucumber, watermelon Monosporascus wilt: melon, watermelon Verticillium wilt: tomato, eggplant, watermelon Phytophthora blight: pepper Bacterial wilt: tomato, eggplant Root-knot nematodes: tomato, eggplant, pepper Barrett et al., 2012; Davies et al., 2008; Lee, 1994; Lee, 2003; Lee and Oda, 2003; Louws et al., 2010; Oda, 2007; Rivero et al ., 2003

9. Earlier methyl bromide fumigation was used to control green house diseases Banned in 2005 in European countries Some undesirable effects on fruit quality All these burst open into the technology “ Grafting of Vegetables ” Grafting is a cultural practice that constitutes an important component of the IPM systems under protected cultivation of Solanaceous and Cucurbitaceous vegetables. (Habana, 2008)

10. Rootstock, major grafting methods, and purpose of grafting for vegetables Vegetable Popular rootstock species Grafting method y Purpose x Watermelon Guard ( Lagernaria siceraria var. hispida ) Interspecific hybridisation Wax guard( Benincasa hispida Cogn .) Pumpkin( Cucurbita moschata L.) Squash( Cucurbita pepo L.) Sicyos angulatus 1 1,2 1,3 2,3 1,2 2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 5 Cucumber Fig leaf guard( Cucurbita ficifolia ) F 1 (Cucurbits maxima x Cucurbits moschata ) Cucumis sativus , Sicyos angulatus 2 2 2 2 1,2,3 1,2,4 1,2 2,5 Melon Cucumis melon 3 3,4 Tomato Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.)Mill Lycopersicon hirsutum Lycopersicon esculentum 3,4 3,4 3,4 5 5 5 Brinjal Solanum integrifolium Solanum torvum 2,3 2,3 6 6,7 Y:graftng method-1.hole insertion method , 2.tongue approach grafting,3.cleft grafting,4.tube grafting. X:purpose of grafting-1.tolerance to fungal wilt,2.growth promotion,3.low temperature tolerance,4.growth period & extension,5.resistant to nematode,6.bacterial wilt tolerance,7.reduction of virus infection

11. Low temperature tolerance Grafting is useful to initiate flowering and fruit set at low temperature. Grafted plants have more content of Linolenic acid, which helps in the survival of plants under low temperature ( Pandey and Rai , 2003 ). Concentration of proline , vitamin-c and water soluble sugars were higher in grafted seedling than in ungrafted seedling (Ai et al , 1999). Grafted plants can survive at 10 o C also. Grafts may save the energy of poly house in cooler parts of the world. Grafts have been used to induce resistance against low temperature ( Bulder et al ., 1990).

12. High temperature tolerance Use grafted tomato may give certain degree of resistance against thermal stress. ( Rivero et a l, 2003) The use of eggplants as rootstocks for tomato at higher temperature seemed to be more promising. ( Abdelmageed and Gruda,2009) Eggplants grafted onto a heat-tolerant rootstock of eggplant seemed to be promising and resulted in a prolonged growth stage and yield increase up to 10%. (Wang et al ., 2007) Chilli grafted on sweet pepper rootstocks has given highest yields under high-temperature conditions. ( Palada and Wu, 2008)

13. High salt tolerance Grafts have been used to enhance vegetable tolerance to salinity and give high yield. (AVRDC, 2000) Grafting provides an alternative way to improve salt tolerance. ( Estan et al , 2005) Flood Tolerance Inter-generic grafting imparts flood tolerance in cucurbits. ( Pandey and Rai , 2003 IIVR, Varanasi) Grafting improved flooding tolerance of bitter gourd ( Momordia charanthia L. cv. New Known You ) when grafted onto sponge gourd ( Luffa cylindria Roem cv. Cylinder). (Liao and Lin, 1996)

14. AVRDC recommends growing tomatoes on eggplant accessions EG195 or EG203 and sweet pepper on chilli accessions PP0237-7502 , PP0242-62 and Lee B for flood tolerance. (AVRDC, 2003 & 2009)

15. Reports on grafting of cucurbits against abiotic Stresses Ashok kumar b. and Kumar Sanket , 2017 11 11

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17. HIGH YIELD Grafting increases yield through… Enhanced water uptake. Enhanced nutrient uptake. Manipulating harvest period.

18. Grafted plants gave more yield than the non-grafted ones in the greenhouse as well as in the open-field ( Khah et al , 2006) Grafts have been used to improve yield when plants are cultivated in problematic soils ( Kacjan-Marsic and Osvald , 2004) Yield and Water Use Efficiency were higher in grafted plants ( Oztekin et al , 2009)

19. Improving quality traits Grafting increases number of marketable fruits and decrease number of malformed fruits in tomato. ( Pandey and Rai , 2003) Flavor, pH, sugar, color, carotenoid content, and texture can be affected by grafting and the type of rootstock used. (Davis et al , 2008). An increase in ascorbic acid content in tomato was found with grafting. ( Zhu et al . 2006) Grafted fruit had a better colour and highest lycopene content in tomato. (Chung et al ., 1997)

20. An increase in the quality parameters is indicated as(+),a decrease as (-),& no changed as (0). Data from the source :Arvanitoyannis et al.,2005;Crino et al,2007. HORTSCIENCE,VOL.29(4),APRIL,1994 crop size firmness sweetness colour Vit.c carotenoids Tomato + - + + + Eggplant + - + Cucumber + - Watermelon + + + + Melon + + + Capsicum + + + GRAFTING CAN AFFECT FRUIT QUALITY OF VEGETABLES

21. Grafting Methods for Vegetables

22. Methods of Grafting 1. Cleft Grafting 2. Tongue Approach/Approach Grafting 3. Hole Insertion/Top Insertion Grafting 4. One Cotyledon/Slant/Splice grafting 5.Tube Grafting 6. Pin Grafting

23. CLEFT GRAFTING It is a simple and easy method It is suitable for rootstocks with wide hypocotyls Can be practiced in all vegetables

24. Tongue Approach/Approach Graft Most widely used by farmers and small nurseries This method requires more space and labor compared to other methods but high seedling survival rate can be attained even by beginners. Grafted seedlings have a uniform growth rate It is not suitable for rootstocks with hollow hypocotyls

25. Hole Insertion/Top Insertion Grafting This is most popular in cucurbits. When scion and rootstock have hollow hypocotyls, this method is preferred (Hang et al ., 2005) One person can produce 1,500 or more grafts/day To achieve a high rate of success, relative humidity should be maintained at 95%. After healing temperature should maintain at 21-36◦C up to transplanting.

26. Slant grafting It has recently been adopted by commercial seedling nurseries (Sakata et al ., 2007). It is applicable to most vegetables. It has been developed for robotic grafting. Grafted plants should be maintained in the dark at 25 ◦ C and 100% humidity for three days for graft union.

27. Tube Grafting It is similar to slant grafting except that in this method root stock & scion joined are held with an elastic tube instead of clips. It is more popular in tomato, brinjal .

28. Grafting methods for different rootstocks ASHOK KUMAR B.*AND KUMAR SANKET, 2017 , SCION PLANT ROOTSTOCK METHOD Eggplant S.torvum S. sissymbrifolium S. khassianum Tongue grafting Cleft method Both tongue and cleft Tomato L. pimpinelifolium S.nigrum Cleft method Both tongue and cleft Cucumber C.moschata Cucurbita maxima Hole insertion and Tongue grafting Tongue grafting Water melon Benincasa hispida C.moschata C.moschata x C. maxima Hole insertion and Cleft method Hole insertion and Cleft method Hole insertion Bitter gourd C.moschata Hole insertion and Tongue grafting Bottle gourd C.moschata , Luffa sps . Hole insertion and Tongue grafting

29. Automated Grafting The first semiautomatic cucumber grafting system was commercialized in 1993. A simple grafting machine can produce 350–600 grafts/hour with 2 operators, whereas manual grafting techniques produce about 1,000 grafts / person / day. (Gu, 2006). A fully automated grafting robot performing 750 grafts/hour with a 90-93% success rate. (Kubota et al, 2008) Semi automated grafted machine developed by Helper Robotic Company, Korea Robots model Developed by Vegetable crops AG1000 robot Fully automated Osaka, Japan Co.,1994 Solanaceous vegetables Arnabat S.A. Semi- automated Barcelona,(Spain),2000 Cucurbits and Solanaceous GR-800 & GR-600 Semi- automated Helper Robotech Co.,Korea (2004) Cucurbits

30. CASE STUDIES IN GRAFTING

31. Vegetable grafting done in India Chilli and Tomato grfted on Brinjal plant-July,10,2012:  Such a wonder is done by Dr. Shreeram Palav of Jalna Maharashtra. KKV Dapoli Imparting disease resistance through grafting in brinjal -in devil plant. Ranchi based farmer Manohar Lal has resulted this unique distinctive plant that bears tomato and eggplant. Narayan Chawda ( MAHASAMUND) identified various rootstock- scion combinations in cucurbit and solanaceous vegetables to mitigate adverse effects of stressful conditions.

32. CUCURBIT GRAFTING IN INDIA GRAFT UNION Momordica cochinchinensis is a dioecious plant. The female plants are grafted on to the Male plants to increase its production. 98% of graft success is observed at NBPGR regional station, Thrissur , Kerala ICAR News, 2011, V. 17(1)

33. TOMATO Grafting in tomato is started around 1960 and 1970 (Edelstein 2004). Tomato production during the hot-wet season in most of the Southeast Asian countries is constrained by biotic and abiotic factors including flooding, impact of heavy rains, high temperature and high incidence of soil borne diseases such as bacterial wilt and nematodes (Palada and Wu 2007). Grafted & non- grafted tomato plant with fruits

34. Rootstocks suggested for improving yield and quality SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Cecilia F1 Maxifort , Beaufort Mohammed et al 2009 Heman , Spirit Qaryouti et al. 2007 Jermy Maxifort , Vigomax Miskovic et al. 2009 Boludo Radja Flores et al 2010 Rita Beaufort Romano,Paratore 2001

35. Rootstocks suggested for improving biotic stress resistance DISEASE ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Fusariumf wilt Maxifort (no symptom) Rivard , Louws 2008a Robusta (intermediate) Rivard , Louws 2008a Bacterial wilt CRA 66, Hawaii 7996 Rivard , Louws 2008a RST 105 (100% control), Dai Honmei (intermediate) Rivard , Louws 2008b Southern blight Bigpower , Maxifort , Beaufort Rivard et al. 2010

36. R =Resistant , HR =Highly Resistant, MR =Moderately Resistant, S =Susceptible Disease resistance and vigour of commercial tomato rootstocks. Ratings are based on seed supplier information. Vigor is measured on a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 represents poor and 5 represents excellent.) Rootstocks TMV Corky Root Fusarium Wilt Verticillium Wilt (r1) Root-knot Nematode Bacterial Wilt Southern Blight Race 1 Race 2 Beaufort R R R R R MR S HR Maxifort R R R R R MR S HR (Unreleased) R S R R R R HR MR TMZQ702 R S R R R R MR MR Dai Honmei R R R S R R HR MR RST-04-105 R R R R R R HR MR Big Power R R R R R R S HR Robusta R R S R R S S ? HORTSCIENCE.VOL.29,APRIL 2009

37. Rootstocks suggested for improving abiotic stress resistance. ABIOTIC STRESS SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Salinity Fanny,Goldmar AR-9704 Garcia et al. 2004 Jaguar Radja, Pera Estaan et al. 2005 Durianta F1 Maxifort , Vigomax Oztekin et al. 2009 High temperature Eggplant line EG203 Tomato line H7996 Burleigh et al. 2005

38. POMATO Pomato plant is a result of grafting of tomato on potato plants. We can reap tomatoes on the top of the plant and potatoes under the soil. Tomato Potato

39. Cucurbits Research on cucurbit grafting began in Japan around 1920 with a study on watermelon. Pumpkin was initially used as a rootstock with watermelon to prevent fusarium wilt. In 1949 Imazu recommended pumpkin ( Cucrbita moschata ) as root stock to musk melon ( cucumis melo var. inodorus ) cultivar Haramadhu as it confers resistant to fusarium wilt and improves plant vigor Based on the results of various trials, mainly on  Cucurbita  spp., the fusarium -wilt-resistant bottle gourd variety Renshi was eventually released in the 1980s China produces more than half of the world's watermelons and cucumbers ( Cucumis sativus L.) and approximately 20% of these are grafted (Davis et al. 2008).

40. Rootstocks suggested for improving yield and quality. CROP SCION ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Muskmelon Ofir Adir Cohen et al. 2007 Cucumber -- Pumpkin Davis et al. 2008 Watermelon -- Bottlegourd Yetisir et al. 2006 Rootstocks suggested for improving biotic stress resistance. CROP DISEASE ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Cucumber Stem & Root rot Peto42.91, TS 1358, TZ 148 Pavlou et al. 2002 Fusarium wilt Brava ( Interspecific hybrid) Edelstein et al. 1999 Muskmelon Fusarium wilt Muskmelon, cucurbit sps . Cohen et al. 2007 Squash interspecific hybrids Crino et al. 2007 Nematode Cucumis & Cucurbit asps. Siguenza et al. 2005 GummyStem blight Squash interspecific hybrids Crino et al. 2007

41. Rootstocks suggested for improving abiotic stress resistance ABIOTIC STRESS CROP ROOTSTOCK REFERENCE Low temperature Cucurbits Shin-tosa Okimura et al. 1986 Drought Watermelon Waxgourd Sakata et al . 2007 Bittergourd Sponge gourd Liao and Lin, 1996

42. Miguel et al., 2004, Spain

43. MORINGA (DRUMSTICK) - Usually propagated by limb cutting, but now propagation by seeds are going to become more popular “Propagation by seeds is the major method by which plants reproduce in nature and one of the most efficient and widely used propagation methods for cultivated crops.” Hartmann and Kester Propagation by seeds... Recent advances in other propagation techniques in vegetables GLOBE ARTICHOKE - Seed propagated varieties have converted this vegetable from a perennial into an annual crop and lower phenol content in seed-propagated.  N Ceccarelli, M Curadi, P Picciarelli 2010 SA John, HA Musnad , H Burgstaller,2008 GARLIC ( ALLIUM SATIVUM  L.) a popular condiment, is completely sterile, and thus is propagated only vegetatively . Going on studies of flowering physiology and fertility restoration, should focus on bolting genotypes which produce inflorescences with a high ratio of normal flowers to topsets . R. Kamenetsky , I.L. Shafir , M. Baizerman , F. Khassanov , C. Kik , H.D. Rabinowitch

44. PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS A cutting is a piece of a plant cut away and rooted to become a new plant. Cuttings are typically made from stems or branches. Also made from roots, rhizomes or sprouts. Some plants can be propagated by division, an extreme form of cutting where the entire plant is cut in half. Part of the plant is left in place; part is replanted to become a new plant. BRANCHES AND STEMS To propagate woody or fibrous plants. Tomatoes, peppers and cucurbits Starting a plant from an existing stem is faster than starting it from seed. Start with a 6-inch cutting. Dip the cut end in rooting hormone. Either place the cutting in a glass of water or put it in damp potting mixture. Cuttings like greenhouse conditions when they are rooting.

45. Cuttings are best taken from healthy green plants in the early morning when the stems are fully hydrated and swollen. 1. Cut 1/8 inch behind the second set of leaves from the outer tip of the cucumber stem with pruning shears, making the cut straight across the stem in one quick swipe. The stem cutting should be about 3 to 5 inches long. 2. Pinch off the second set of leaves by hand at the leaf node, just above where the leaf and the stem meet. Keep the first set of leaves intact, because they will help produce roots and supply energy to the new cucumber plant. 3. Dip the cut end of the stem cutting upright into indole-3-butyric acid powered rooting hormone, until the hormone generously covers to just above both leaf nodes from the second set of leaves. Lightly tap the stem cutting on the brim of the hormone container to knock off additional hormone power. How to Start Cucumber Vines From Cuttings

46. Cassava planting by cuttings- Cassava is propagated vegetatively by mature stem/stakes. About 8-10 months old stakes from disease free plant are used for planting. The stakes should be about 25-30 cm. in length and 2-3 cm in width having 5-6 buds on each stake. Vegetable science and technology in India by- Vishnu Swarup Sweet potatoes are propagated from slips (vine cuttings) - Taken from freshly harvested vines .it should be taken from middle and top part of vine It should be 20-30 cm with 3-4 nodes. SWEET POTATO

47. 1. Vine cutting propagation involves the production of small tubers from direct planting of yam vines in soil medium. 2. Establish the mother plant (plant from which vine will be collected) or screen house. Propagation in yam -Vine cutting 3. At about 2 months after establishment of mother plant prepare a place for vine cuttings which could be a screen house or constructed makeshift shade. 4. Collect vines from mother plants between 60 and 90 days after planting. Vines must be collected very early in the morning or late in the evening to minimize stress on the vine and enhance vine cuttings survival 5. The vine length above the node should not be more 1cm while length below node should be about 2.5cm to allow for firm attachment into the soil

48. Stages in vine cuttings establishment: (A) Mother Plants Field , (B) Collected Yam vine, (C) Prepared one-nodal cuttings in water ready for planting, (D) Vine cuttings planted in nursery bags

49. Tuber vegetables, also known as root vegetables, can usually be propagated from rhizome cuttings. Rhizomes are underground stems that look like fat roots. Potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes and horseradish can all be propagated by taking a cutting from the tuber and planting it. Jerusalem artichokes and potatoes grow from the "eyes" in the tubers. When planting these vegetables, the eyes should be planted facing up. Horseradish grows directly out of the body of the tuber. Roots and Rhizomes Division Division involves cutting through the center of a plant. Vegetables that grow from an underground crown can be propagated this way. Two examples are rhubarb and asparagus . In the late winter or early spring, divide rhubarb by pushing a shovel through the centre of the crown. Half can stay in the garden. Half can be taken away as a cutting. Asparagus require a little more delicacy. In late winter, tease the crown into two pieces with your fingers to divide it.

50. Micro Propagation in Advanced Vegetable Production Micro propagation is a fast method of plant propagation that has a great potential to develop high quality as well as disease-free plants. In  Capsicum genera,annuum-chinense-frutescens  complex have been made with white flowers and small yellow seeds. A number of experiments have also been done to demonstrate the influence of hypocotyl explant orientation on shoot bud induction in Capsicum spp.  Sweet potato cuttings when grown in vitro with Florialite gives greater percentage of survival. Similarly, in vitro layering of gourds ; a modification in micro propagation methods become more advantageous as it produces single shoot rather than multiple shoots. Likewise, an immobilized culture system of obtaining torpedo-stage embryos of carrots of uniform size Higher tuber yield with rapid multiplication rate for potato were also introduced by micro propagation techniques.  Recently in cassava tissue culturing is also successes. Butt SJ, Varis S, Nasir IA, Sheraz S, Shahid A, Ali

51. Rapid Macro propagation of Cassava Plants by the Use of Hydroponic Autotrophic System by Armando Bedoya

52. Tissue culture techniques in garlic - A novel and efficient tissue culture method – “stem-disc dome culture” – for producing virus-free garlic ( Allium sativum L.)- maximal proteolytic activity Selvia morani , ARGENTINA,2002

53. Micropropagation of Turmeric ( Curcuma longa Linn.) through in vitro Rhizome Bud Culture

54. MICROGRAFTING With the term micro grafting we mean the grafting of meris - tomatic tissues in vitro in the laboratory in which the shoots of one plant are grafted on to the shoots or roots of another plant so as to combine the characteristics of the two plants. This method was used for the first time in 1952 by Morel and Martin . Micrografting was initially used on vegetables to study the physiological basis of the grafting process and to determine the chemical basis of cell to cell union . Micrografting of vegetables on a commercial scale started only recently in an attempt to reduce the high cost of production of grafted seedlings with classical methods. Much of the cost results from the high price of hybrid vegetable seed, while for micrografting , only a small number of seeds of the rootstock and scion are required. Several thousand transplants can be produced from the 2-3 week seedlings within a short period of time ( Sarowar et al . 2003).

55. The success rate of micrografting is relatively high (80– 90%) for tomatoes ( Grigoriadis et al. 2005). The gradual introduction of seedlings to the vegetable propagation trade so as to reduce the role of seed, in combination with the demand for certified seed from organized growers and nurseries to produce and sell a uniform, guaranteed product, will help to increase the adoption of micrografting for the production of grafted vegetable seedlings.

56. Conclusion Grafting provides a site specific management tool for soil borne diseases. It fits well into the organic and integrated crop production system. It reduces the need for soil disinfectants and thereby environmental pollution. Grafting and other propagation techniques has a potential in promotion of cultivation in non-traditional and fragile agro-eco system . Since grafting gives increased disease tolerance and vigor to crops, it will be useful in the low-input sustainable horticulture of the future.

57. Grafting is a rapid alternative tool to the relatively slow breeding methodology aimed at increasing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance of fruit vegetables. Micro Propagation - It is concluded that the micro-propagation technique has a great profit-making potential, the high plant quality and the ability to produce disease-free planting materials It should be used on large scale to develop new vegetable varieties and to increase the production of vegetables to full fill the requirement of growing world population.

58. Sources: hthttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govtps: hthttps://www.researchgate.net www.ikisan.com/tg-turmeric-tissue-culture.html Slide Share. com

59. Thank you Thank you…