Grammar Book: practice, speaking, reading.pdf

Grammar Book: practice, speaking, reading.

You can enhance

1. GRAMMAR
REINFORCEMENT
By Karla Rosales

2. GLOSSARY
S = Subject
V = Verb
Vbf = Verb in base form
Vpp = Verb in past participle
C =Complement
By Karla Rosales

3. GENERAL THINGS
By Karla Rosales

4. ALPHABET
By Karla Rosales

5. US NAMES
Karla L. Rosales
First name Middle Initial Last name
Middle name

Carías
Mother’s maiden name

By Karla Rosales

6. NUMBERS
By Karla Rosales

7. US PHONE
NUMBERS
3 numbers 3 numbers 4 numbers
305 785 6501
Area Code Phone number


By Karla Rosales

8. RETELLING

WHO did WHAT WHERE? Key words:
-Characters
-Connections (Actions)
-Places
By Karla Rosales

9. PRONOUNS
Person Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns
Definition The person you are
talking about.
Who are you doing an activity
with.
Possession of things (who is the owner?)
FIRST
PERSON
I
I like pizza.
ME
You love ME.
MY/MINE
Those are MY shoes.
Those shoes are MINE.
SECOND
PERSON
WE US OUR/OURS
YOU YOU YOUR/YOURS
THEY THEM THEIR/THEIRS
THIRD
PERSON
HE HIM HIS
SHE HER HER/HERS
IT IT ITS
BONUS! WHO WHOM WHOSE
By Karla Rosales

10. FUTURE
By Karla Rosales

11. WILL
Structure
Positive:
S + WILL + Vbf + C
Negative:
S + WON’T + Vbf + C
Yes/No Question:
WILL/WON’T + S + Vbf + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + WILL/WON’T + S + Vbf + C
+ ?
Key words:
-Possible future
-Maybe
-50%
By Karla Rosales

12. GOING TO
Structure
Positive:
S + Vtb + GOING TO + Vbf + C
Negative:
S + Vtb + NOT + GOING TO + Vbf + C
Yes/No Question:
Vtb + S + GOING TO + Vbf + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + Vtb + S + GOING TO + Vbf + C + ?
Key words:
-Most likely
-Big possibility
-80%
By Karla Rosales

13. PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE
Structure
Positive:
S + Vtb + V + ING + C
Negative:
S + Vtb + NOT + V + ING + C
Yes/No Question:
Vtb + S + V + ING + C + ?
Info Question:
WH +Vtb + S + V + ING + C + ?
Key words:
-For sure
-Yes or Yes
-100%
By Karla Rosales

14. PRESENT
By Karla Rosales

15. SIMPLE PRESENT
1st and 2nd
person
Structure
Positive:
S + Vbf + C
Negative:
S + DON’T + Vbf + C
Yes/No Question:
DO + S + Vbf + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + DO + S + Vbf + C + ?
Key words:
-I, We, You, They
-Routines
-Habits
-Descriptions
By Karla Rosales

16. SIMPLE PRESENT
3rd person
Structure
Positive:
S + V (S/ES/IES)+ C
Negative:
S + DOESN’T + Vbf + C
Yes/No Question:
DOES + S + Vbf + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + DOES + S + Vbf + C + ?
Key words:
-He, She, It
-Add “S/ES/IES”
-Routines
-Habits
-Descriptions
By Karla Rosales

17. PAST
By Karla Rosales

18. SIMPLE PAST

Structure
Positive:
S + V past + C
Negative:
S + DIDN’T+ Vbf + C
Yes/No Question:
DID + S + Vbf + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + DID + S + Vbf + C + ?
Key words:
-Completed Actions
-Yesterday, Last Night, Last...
By Karla Rosales

19. ED ENDING
PRONUNCIATION
RULES
Rules
Rule 1: “T”
-If the verb ends with the letter H, K, X, P, S
or “F” sound

Rule 2: “ED”/”ID”
-If the verb ends with the letter T (ED) or D
(ID)

Rule 3: “D”
-Everything else

Key words:
-Regular Verbs
By Karla Rosales

20. PAST
PROGRESSIVE
Structure
Positive:
S + WAS/WERE + V + ING + C
Negative:
S + WAS/WERE + NOT + V + ING + C
Yes/No Question:
WAS/WERE + S + V + ING + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + WAS/WERE + S + V + ING + C + ?
Key words:
-Interrupted actions
-Last...
By Karla Rosales

21. MODAL VERBS
By Karla Rosales

22. MODAL
VERBS
Structure
S + MV + Vbf + C
Should: Advice/Recommendations
Would: Possibilities (Unreal future)
May: Permission/High Possibilities (80%)
Could: Polite requests/Possibilities
(50%)/Abilities in past
Might: Low possibilities (30%)
Must: Obligations
Have to-Need to: Necessities
Can: Abilities in present/Suggestion
Key words:
-To be polite
By Karla Rosales

23. NEGATIVE
FORMS
Structure
S + MV + Vbf + C
Shouldn’t: Advice/Recommendations
Wouldn’t: Possibilities (Unreal future)
May Not: Permission/High Possibilities (80%)
Couldn’t: Polite requests/Possibilities
(50%)/Abilities in past
Might Not: Low possibilities (30%)
Must Not: Obligations
Don’t Have to-Need to: Necessities
Can’t-Cannot: Abilities in present/Suggestion
Key words:
-To be polite
By Karla Rosales

24. PERFECT TENSES
By Karla Rosales

25. PRESENT
PERFECT
Structure
Positive:
S + HAVE/HAS + Vpp + C
Negative:
S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + Vpp + C
Yes/No Question:
HAVE/HAS + S + Vpp + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + HAVE/HAS + S + Vpp + C + ?
Key words:
-Experiences
-Memories
By Karla Rosales

26. PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
Structure
Positive:
S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V ing + C
Negative:
S + HAVE/HAS + NOT + BEEN + V ing + C
Yes/No Question:
HAVE/HAS + S + BEEN + V ing + C + ?
Info Question:
WH+HAVE/HAS+S+BEEN+V ing + C + ?
Key words:
-Started in past, continues now

By Karla Rosales

27. PAST
PERFECT
Structure
Positive:
S + HAD + Vpp + C
Negative:
S + HAD + NOT + Vpp + C
Yes/No Question:
HAD + S + Vpp + C + ?
Info Question:
WH + HAD + S + Vpp + C + ?
Key words:
-1st action in past
-The past of the past
By Karla Rosales

28. CONDITIONALS
By Karla Rosales

29. POSITIVE STRUCTURES
By Karla Rosales

30. ZERO
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + Vbf + C +, + S + V + C
. Simple Present Simple Present
Key words:
-Real situation, real result
By Karla Rosales

31. FIRST
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + Vbf + C +, + S + WILL + V + C
Simple Present Future . …………..
Key words:
-Real situation, possible result
By Karla Rosales

32. SECOND
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + Vpast + C +, + S + MV + V + C
. Simple Past Modal Verbs . …………..
Key words:
-Unreal situation, possible result
-Hypothetical situations
By Karla Rosales

33. THIRD
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF+S+HAD+Vpp+C+,+S+MV+HAVE+Vpp+C
. …….. Past Perfect Modal verb+Present perfect . …………..
Key words:
-Unreal situation, unreal result
-Regrets
By Karla Rosales

34. NEGATIVE STRUCTURES
By Karla Rosales

35. ZERO
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + DON’T/DOESN’T + Vbf + C
+,+ S + DON’T/DOESN’T +V + C
Simple Present Simple Present
Key words:
-Real situation, real result
By Karla Rosales

36. FIRST
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + DON’T/DOESN’T+ Vbf + C +, + S +
WON’T+ V + C
Simple Present Future . …………..
Key words:
-Real situation, possible result
By Karla Rosales

37. SECOND
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF + S + DIDN’T+ Vbf + C +, + S + MV +
NOT + V + C
. Simple Past Modal Verbs . …………..
Key words:
-Unreal situation, possible result
-Hypothetical situations
By Karla Rosales

38. THIRD
CONDITIONAL
Structure

IF+S+HADN’T+Vpp+C+,+
S+MV+ NOT+HAVE+Vpp+C
. …….. Past Perfect Modal verb+Present perfect . …………..
Key words:
-Unreal situation, unreal result
-Regrets
By Karla Rosales

39. QUESTIONS STRUCTURES
By Karla Rosales

40. ZERO
CONDITIONAL
Structure

WH+DO/DOES+S+Vbf+C
+,+IF+S+V+C+?

Simple Present Simple Present
Key words:
-Real situation, real result
By Karla Rosales

41. FIRST
CONDITIONAL
Structure

WH+WILL+S+Vbf+C+,+IF+S+V+C+?

Simple Present Future . …………..
Key words:
-Real situation, possible result
By Karla Rosales

42. SECOND
CONDITIONAL
Structure

WH+MV+S+Vbf+C+,+IF+S+Vpast+C+?
IF+S+Vpast+C+,+WH+MV+S+Vbf+C+?

. Simple Past Modal Verbs . …………..
Key words:
-Unreal situation, possible result
-Hypothetical situations
By Karla Rosales

43. THIRD
CONDITIONAL
Structure

WH+MV+S+HAVE+Vpp+C+,+IF+
S+HAD+Vpp+C+?

IF+S+HAD+Vpp+C+,+WH+MV+S+
HAVE+Vpp+C+?
. Past Perfect Modal verb+Present perfect . .
Key words:
-Unreal situation, unreal result
-Regrets
By Karla Rosales

44. COMPARATIVES AND
SUPERLATIVES
By Karla Rosales

45. COMPARATIVES
Structure
S1 + Vtb + COMP + THAN +S2
Short adjectives: ER
smart - smartER
cute - cuteR
happy - happIER
Long adjectives: MORE
beautiful - MORE beautiful
intelligent - MORE intelligent

Key words:
-Compare 2 things
By Karla Rosales

46. SUPERLATIVES
Structure
S + Vtb + THE + SUP + C
Short adjectives: EST
smart - smartEST
cute - cuteST
happy - happIEST
Long adjectives: MOST
beautiful - MOST beautiful
intelligent - MOST intelligent

Key words:
-Compare MORE THAN 2 things
By Karla Rosales