In grammar , tense is a category that expresses time reference. [1] [2] Tenses are usually manifested by the use of specific forms of verbs , particularly in their conjugation patterns.
he main tenses found in many languages include the past , present , and future . Some languages have only two distinct tenses, such as past and nonpast , or future and nonfuture . There are also tenseless languages, like most of the Chinese languages , though they can possess a future and nonfuture system typical of Sino-Tibetan languages.
Tense is normally indicated by the use of a particular verb form – either an inflected form of the main verb, or a multi-word construction , or both in combination. Inflection may involve the use of affixes , such as the - ed ending that marks the past tense of English regular verbs , but can also entail stem modifications, such as ablaut , as found as in the strong verbs in English and other Germanic languages, or reduplication . Multi-word tense constructions often involve auxiliary verbs or clitics . Examples which combine both types of tense marking include the French passé composé , which has an auxiliary verb together with the inflected past participle form of the main verb; and the Irish past tense , where the proclitic do (in various surface forms) appears in conjunction with the affixed or ablaut-modified past tense form of the main verb.