Graphite

Graphite is a highly scalable real-time graphing system. As a user, you write an application that collects numeric time series data that you are interested in graphing, and send it to Graphite’s processing backend, carbon, which stores the data in Graphite’s specialized database. The data can then be visualized through graphite’s web Interfaces.

1. Topic Out line Graphite Graphite Classifications Natural Graphite Amorphous  Flake  High Crystalline Synthetic Graphite Applications Marble chlorite

2. Graphite Graphite is a highly scalable real-time graphing system. As a user, you write an application that collects numeric timeseries data that you are interested in graphing, and send it to Graphite’s processing backend, carbon, which stores the data in Graphite’s specialized database. The data can then be visualized through graphite’s web Interfaces. Chemical Formula C

3. Graphite Classifications There are two main classifications of graphite, natural synthetic.

4. Natural Graphite Natural Graphite is a mineral consisting of graphitic carbon. It varies considerably in crystallinity.   Most commercial (natural) graphite are mined and often contain other minerals. Subsequent to mining the graphite often requires a considerable amount of mineral processing such as froth flotation to concentrate the graphite. Natural graphite is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It is stable over a wide range of temperatures. Graphite is a highly refractory material with a high melting point (3650°C.)

5. Natural graphite is subdivided into three types of material:          Amorphous          Flake          High Crystalline

6. Amorphous Graphite Amorphous graphite is the least graphitic of the natural graphites .  However, the term "amorphous" is a misnomer since the material is still crystalline.   Amorphous graphite is found as minute particles in beds of mesomorphic rocks such as coal, slate or shale deposits.  The graphite content ranges from 25% to 85% dependent on the geological conditions.  Amorphous graphite is extracted using conventional mining techniques and occurs primarily in Mexico, North Korea, South Korea and Austria. 

7. Flake Graphite Flake graphite   is found in metamorphic rocks uniformly distributed through the body of the ore or in concentrated lens shaped pockets.   Carbon concentrations vary between 5% and 40%. Graphite flake occurs as a scaly or lamella form in certain metamorphic rocks such as limestone, gneisses and schists.  Flake graphite is removed by froth flotation.  "As floated" graphite contains between 80% and 90% graphite.   Flake graphite is produced with >98% through chemical beneficiation processes. Flake graphite occurs in most parts of the world. 

8. Crystalline Graphite Crystalline vein graphite is believed to originate from crude oil deposits that through time, temperature and pressure have converted to graphite.   Vein graphite fissures are typically between 1cm and 1 m thick, and are typically > 90% pure.   Although this form of graphite is found all over the world, it is only commercially mined in Sri Lanka by conventional shaft or surface mining techniques . 

9. Synthetic Graphite S ynthetic graphite can be produced from coke and pitch. It tends to be of higher purity though not as crystalline as natural graphite. There are essentially two types of synthetic graphite. Synthetic Graphite consists mainly of graphitic carbon that has been obtained by graphitization, heat treatment of non-graphitic carbon, or by chemical vapor deposition from hydrocarbons at temperatures above 2100K.

10. Property Commercial graphite Bulk Density (g/cm 3 ) 1.3-1.95 Porosity (%) 0.7-53 Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 8-15 Compressive strength (MPa) 20-200 Flexural strength (MPa) 6.9-100 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (x10 -6  °C) 1.2-8.2 Thermal conductivity (W/m.K) 25-470 Specific heat capacity (J/kg.K) 710-830 Electrical resistivity ( Ω. m) 5x10 -6 -30x10 -6

11. Applications Chemical Industry There are many high temperature uses for graphite in the chemical industry such as in the production of phosphorus and calcium carbide in arc furnaces. Graphite is used as anodes in some aqueous electrolytic processes such as in the production of halogens (chlorine and fluorine.)   Nuclear Industry High purity electrographite is used in large amounts for the production of moderator rods and reflector components in nuclear reactors. Their suitability arises from their low absorption of neutrons, high thermal conductivity and their high strength at temperature.

12. Electrical Applications The main application for graphite as an electrical material is in the manufacture of carbon brushes in electric motors. In this application the performance and lifetime of the component is very dependent on grade and structure.   Mechanical Applications Graphite is used widely as an engineering material over a variety of applications. Applications include piston rings, thrust bearings, journal bearings and vanes. Carbon based seals are used in the shafts and fuel pumps of many aircraft jet engines.

13. Other Applications Amorphous graphite has applications in:           Metallurgy           Pencil production           Refractories           Coatings           Lubricants           Paint production Crystalline graphite is used in:           Batteries

14. Marble NTRODUCTIONI The word Marble comes from Greek word Mamaros which means shining stone Marble is a non-foliated, Granular Metamorphic Rock that is formed by the Metamorphism of Limestone and Dolostone. Marble is calcium Carbonate (caCO3). The term marble is also applied to serpentine rocks that can be polished to high shine. The Marble is a carbonate rock which means it has (CO3) in chemistry.

15. FORMATION OF MARBLE : Metamorphic Rock of Crystalline Aggregate of Calcite and/or Dolomite. CALC – Silicate Rock with Calcium – Magnesium Silicate Mineral”( Calciphyre ). Any Calcareous and / or Dolomite Rock Capable of Taking Polish & Suitable for Decorative & Structural Purposes. Crystalline Calcite and / or Dolomite Rock – Marble Geologically Partially Crystallized Dense Compact Limestones – Marble Commercially Travertine (Calcium Carbonate Precipitates) – Onyx marble Verde Antique – Serpentine Marble

16. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MARBLE Calcite & Dolomite Carbonate of calcium (Hardness 3-sp.grav.2.72) Carbonate of calcium & Magnesium (Hardness 3.5/4-Sp.Grave.2.9) Marble Formula (CaCO3), 1- Calcium, 1-Carbon, 3Oxygen

17. Uses Industrial use: Blocks of cut Marble: Colorless or light-colored marbles are a very pure source of calcium carbonate, which is used in a wide variety of industries. Finely ground marble or calcium carbonate powder is a component in paper, and in consumer products such as toothpaste, plastics the ground calcium carbonate worldwide is made from marble. Ground calcium carbonate is used as a coating pigment for paper because of its high brightness and as a paper filler because it strengthens the sheet and imparts high brightness.

18. Consumer products: consumer products such as a food additive, in toothpaste, and as an inert filler in pills. It is used in plastics because it imparts stiffness, impact strength, dimensional stability, and thermal conductivity. I t is used in paints because it is a good filler and extender, has high brightness, and is weather resistant. which has many applications including being a primary component of many forms of cement

19. Production Sculpture : White marble has been prized for its use in sculptures since classical times. This preference has to do with its softness, relative isotropy and homogeneity, and a relative resistance to shattering. Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate several millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which gives "life" to marble sculptures of the human body

20. Construction marble: Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish. More generally in construction, specifically the Dimension stone trade, the term "marble" is used for any crystalline calcite rock (and some non- calcitic rocks) useful as building stone. For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossil ferrous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone that Geologists call the Holston Formation

21. Characteristics Of Marbles Marble is a stone with a firm crystalline structure and slight porosity. Due to its structure, marble can be polished to improve its shine and is thus a common and attractive stone for building applications. The restricted marble porosity, mainly when refined, makes it less susceptible to water damage. However, calcium carbonate, the main ingredient of marble, is exceedingly susceptible to acidic agents: it rapidly dissolves in some acids. The actual influence of acidic contact will vary with the kind of the acid: chlorides, sulfates, and other chemical compounds respond in different ways with marble. Byproducts are created that possess a wide range of solubility and influence on the durability of marble. Therefore, it is essential to ascertain the exact kind of pollutants that cause marble deterioration.