Green gram

Floral biology and breeding techniques

2. Introduction
Botanical Description
Floral Biology
Anthesis and Pollination
Crossing techniques
CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION
Origin: Indigenous to India
Distribution: Africa, Far East,Burma, Sri
Lanka,China,
In India under cultivation through out the
plains
and upto 6000 feet on the Himalayas
Phaseolus aureusis its wild form

4. INDIA
Area:2.5mha
Poductionr:0.8mtonns
Leading states: MadhyaPradesh,Maharastra,
UttarPradesh,AndraPradesh,Karnataka

5. NUTRITIVE VALUE
•Nutritional value per
100g
•Energy350 kcal
•Carbohydrates62.62 g-
•Sugars6.60 g-
•Dietary fiber16.3 g
•Fat1.15 g
•Protein23.86 g
•Vitamin C4.8 mg

6. Botanical Description
Kingdom:Plantae
Division:Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order:Fabales
Family:Fabaceae
Genus:Vigna
Species: V. radiata
Chromosome number:2n=22

7. •Plant type: errect or semi errect herbaceous
annual
•Leaves:trifoliate, long petioles stipules with
basal appendages, ovate
•Pod:longer than black gram,short
hairs,seeds globular,wavy ridges on the
surface,hilum flat,
•Cotyledons:yellowish

8. VARIATIONS
•Seed colour:Seeds are either
green,black,brown,yellow
•Seed surface:Either dull or shining
•Flower color:light yellowish olive or olive yellow
•Pod colour:Ripe pods irony grey,olive grey or snuff
brown

9. Floral Biology

10. FLORAL BIOLOGY
•Infloroscence:Axillary raceme carrying ten to
twenty flowers on long penduncle
•Corolla:papilionaceous
•Petals:Five
•Sepals:Five

11. PETALS`
•Petals are five in number, three kinds of petals
1.Standard -1
2.Wings -2
3.Keels -2 joined(spirally coiled)

12. ANDROECIUM
•Male reproductive part stamen has got two
parts
1.Anther
2.Filament

13. GYNOECIUM
•Female reproductive part,made up of
1.Stigma
2.Style
3.Ovary

14. ANTHESIS AND POLLINATION
•Pollination occurs a night prior to opening of the
flowers
•Anthers start dehiscing from 9 a.m and
completely dehisced by 3 a.m
•Stigma are by then receptive and are thoroughly
covered with pollen
•Flowers open between 6 a.m and 8 a.m and
remain open till 11 a.m later they close between
2 p.m and 4 p.m

15. •Pollen shedding takes place long before the petals
open
•Cleistogamy occurs to an extent of 46%
•Pollination is effected in the bud stage on the night
previous to the opening of the flower

16. SPECIAL TECHNIQUES OF CROSSING
•Contact Method–Ragi
•Test tube method–Ragi, Rice
•Humphry and Tuller method–Cotton
•Shivashankar’s method–Pulse crops

17. SHIVASHANKAR’S METHOD
•Followed in pulse crops
•On the evening previous to the day of pollen shedding,
transverse cut is made in flower bud
•Facilitates removal of upper portion of the corolla like a
cap without causing injury to the gynoecium
•Anthers are clipped off automatically and remains inside
the corolla cap which is removed
•The stigma is then pollinated with desired pollen
on the next morning

19. VARIETIES
•Pusa Phalguni -IARI
•Pusa Dofasali -IARI
•F.S 68 -Hissar
•C 20 -IARI