Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Biological application.pptx

Description:
This presentation explores the innovative green synthesis methods of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and their diverse applications in biology. It covers the synthesis techniques emphasizing environmental sustainability, the unique properties of MNPs, and their role in biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, imaging, and biosensing. The presentation also discusses challenges, future directions, and the potential impact of MNPs in advancing biotechnological and medical fields.

1. UNIVERSITY OF THE PUN J AB LAHORE Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Biological Applications Presented by : AHMED SAEED SUPERvISED by: Professor dr.akram raza 1

2. Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles TEM-images-of-cobalt-ferrite--NPs FE-SEM images: (a, b) for CoFe2O4 samples and (c, d) for NiFe2O4 samples Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Magnetite (Fe3O4) Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) Metallic Nanoparticles Iron (Fe) Cobalt (Co) Alloy Nanoparticles Iron-Platinum ( FePt ) Cobalt-Platinum ( CoPt ) Ferrite Nanoparticles Nickel Ferrite (NiFe2O4) Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) 2

3. Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles Super- Paramagnetism : No remnant magnetization. Surface Functionalization: Modifiable for specific uses. Biocompatibility: Safe for biological systems. Chemical Stability: Resistant to oxidation and degradation. Thermal Stability: Maintains properties under varying temperatures. 3

4. Introduction to Green Synthesis Definition Biological Organisms: Use of plants, microbes, enzymes. Origins Eco-friendly chemical production reducing harmful substances. Developed for sustainable and safe chemical processes. Core Principles Uses renewable resources. Safer solvents and conditions. Reduces waste and energy use. Significance Promotes sustainability and safety. Supports global pollution reduction efforts. Applications Pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, agriculture. 4

5. Why Green Synthesis? Renewable Resources: Use of natural, sustainable materials. Energy Efficiency: Often requires lower energy input. Biocompatibility: Produces non-toxic nanoparticles. Public Health: Safer for researchers and consumers. Regulatory Compliance: Easier to meet environmental regulations. Sustainability: Utilizes renewable resources. Cost-effectiveness: Often more economical. 5

6. Methods of Green Synthesis Plant Extracts Natural reducers Example: Leaf extracts Microbial Synthesis Bacteria, fungi, algae Example: Fusarium oxysporum Biopolymers Natural templates Example: Chitosan Enzymatic Synthesis Biocatalysts Example: Enzyme-mediated Aqueous Phase Synthesis Water-based reactions Example: Hydrothermal 6

7. Plant Extracts in Synthesis Neem ( Azadirachta indica ) Widely used for synthesizing silver and gold nanoparticles. Contains bioactive compounds like azadirachtin . Tea (Camellia sinensis ) Rich in polyphenols and antioxidants. Effective in producing stable gold and silver nanoparticles. Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) High concentration of essential oils. Used in synthesizing a variety of metal nanoparticles. Banana (Musa paradisiaca ) Contains reducing sugars and phenolic compounds. Utilized for the synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. Mango ( Mangifera indica ) Rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Effective in producing gold nanoparticles. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ) Contains anthocyanins and flavonoids. Used for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. 7

8. Microbial Synthesis Ba cteria Examples: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis. Role: Act as reducing agents to convert metal ions to nanoparticles. Fungi Examples: Aspergillus niger , Fusarium oxysporum . Role: Secrete enzymes and proteins that facilitate nanoparticle synthesis. Algae Examples: Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina platensis. Role: Utilize photosynthesis to reduce metal ions to nanoparticles. Yeasts Examples: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida utilis . Role: Produce bioactive molecules that aid in nanoparticle formation. Actinomycetes Examples: Streptomyces spp., Nocardia spp. Role: Produce extracellular enzymes for nanoparticle synthesis. Mechanism Process: Metal ions are reduced to nanoparticles by microbial metabolites. Stabilization: Microbial proteins and enzymes cap and stabilize nanoparticles . 8

9. Enzymatic Processes Introduction to Enzymatic Synthesis Utilize s enzymes as catalysts for eco-friendly production of metal nanoparticles, offering precise control over size and shape. Types of Enzymes Used Enzymes like oxidoreductases (e.g., peroxidases) and lyases (e.g., phytases) are employed for their ability to reduce metal ions and stabilize resulting nanoparticles. Mechanism of Enzymatic Reduction Enzymes facilitate reduction reactions, converting metal ions into nanoparticles by controlling nucleation and growth processes. Advantages of Enzymatic Synthesis Benefits include biocompatibility, operation under mild conditions (neutral pH, room temperature), and the avoidance of harsh chemicals typically used in conventional methods. 9

10. Case Study: Tea Extract Synthesis Process: Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesized using tea extract. Results: High yield, good magnetic properties. Advantages: Simple, cost-effective, eco-friendly. Applications: Drug delivery, MRI contrast agents. 10

11. Advantages of Microbial Synthesis Eco-friendly: Uses natural microorganisms. Scalability: Potential for large-scale production. Specificity: Genetically engineered for specific synthesis. Biocompatibility: Produces non-toxic nanoparticles. Efficiency: High yield under optimized conditions. Research Focus: Enhancing microbial synthesis pathways 11

12. Case Study: Bacterial Synthesis ( magnetotactic bateria ) Metal Ion Uptake: Bacteria absorb metal ions like Fe(II) and Fe(III) from their surroundings. Intracellular Transformation: Enzym atic reduction converts absorbed ions to ferrous (Fe2+) and then ferric (Fe3+) forms inside the cell. Nucleation of Nanoparticles: Ferric ions nucleate within magnetosomes, specialized cell compartments. Crystal Growth and Maturation: Nanoparticles grow and crystallize into magnetite or greigite under protein control. Biomineralization Control: Proteins regulate nanoparticle size, shape, and magnetic properties. 12

13. Biological Applications of MNPs Drug Delivery: Targeted delivery using magnetic fields. Hyperthermia Treatment: MNPs generate heat to kill cancer cells. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Contrast agents for improved imaging. Biosensors: Detection of biomolecules for diagnostics. En vironmental Applications: Removal of pollutants from water. Tis sue Engineering: Scaffold design and regenerative medicine. 13

14. Drug Delivery Systems Mechanism: MNPs loaded with drugs can be directed to specific sites using magnetic fields. Benefits: Targeted therapy, reduced side effects. Controlled Release: Precise delivery of therapeutic agents. Biocompatibility: S afe for use in vivo. Examples: Chemotherapeutics, antibiotics. 14

15. Biosensors Mechanism: MNPs functionalized with specific biomolecules for detecting pathogens or biomarkers. Applications: Diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety. Advantages: High sensitivity, rapid detection. 15

16. Hyperthermia Treatment Mechanism: MNPs generate heat when exposed to an alternating magnetic field. Application: Localized heating to kill cancer cells. Advantages: Minimally invasive, precise targeting. Challenges: Controlling temperature and avoiding damage to healthy tissue. Research: Optimizing MNPs for maximum heat generation. Clinical Trials: Exploring effectiveness in various cancer types. 16

17. MRI Contrast Agents Mechanism: MNPs improve contrast in MRI scans. Beznefits : nhanced imaging of tissues and organs. Applications: Diagnosis of diseases, monitoring treatment progress. Advantages: High contrast, biocompatibility. Challenges: Ensuring long-term stability and safety. Research: Developing MNPs with specific targeting abilities. 17

18. Environmental Applications Mechanism: MNPs used to remove pollutants like heavy metals from water. Benefits: Effective, reusable, eco-friendly. Applications: Water purification, soil remediation. Advantages: High efficiency, low cost. Future Directions: Developing MNPs for specific pollutants. 18

19. Challenges in Green Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Control over Particle Size and Morphology struggle to achieve precise control over the size and morphology of magnetic nanoparticles. This variability can affect their magnetic properties and application suitability. Scalability At industrial scale efficiency and cost effectiveness remain a challenge Stability and Shelf Life: exhibit lower stability or shorter shelf life compared to their conventionally synthesized counterparts Surface Functionalization and Biocompatibility: adequate surface functionalization without compromising their green nature and biocompatibility is a significant challenge. 19

20. Future Directions Enhancing Efficiency and Scalability Develop improved, efficient and scalable green synthesis methods Exploring Novel Green Resources Investigate new bioresources and waste mate Functionalization and Surface Engineering: Develop methods for precise surface functionalization Integration with AI and Computational Approaches Utilize artificial intelligence (AI) and computational modeling to accelerate the design and optimization of green synthesis methods. Collaborative Research and Knowledge Sharing: Foster interdisciplinary collaborations between chemists, biologists, engineers, and environmental scientists to advance knowledge sharing and innovation in green synthesis technologies. 20

21. To My Guiding Star This presentation is dedicated to The Legend Behind My Success , Sir Dr Prof. AKRAM RAZA. whose unwavering guidance and support have been the foundation of my success. Your inspiration and encouragement mean the world to me. The Architect of My Accomplishments, Pictured Here! 21

22. Gratitude Overload! Special kudos to you all your patience deserves a medal! 22