Greenhouse in india

controlled environment agriculture

1. Controlled Environment Agriculture ED70.16 GREENHOUSE IN INDIA Presented By: Aishwarya Gautam Vipin Kumar 1

2. Content India – Map Geographical data Area under green house World scenario Status in India Comparison Why green house cultivation Greenhouse technology Protected structure Greenhouse in Ladakh Report by DIHAR Source 2

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4. India – Land of agriculture Geography   Lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44' and 35° 30' north latitude and 68° 7' and 97° 25' east longitude Climate Tropical Wet (Humid) Tropical Dry Subtropical Humid Climate Mountain Climate Population 1.252 billion (2013) Average Precipitation 1083 mm per year Annual temperature 7 ° C-34 ° C Total area 3.3 million sq. km Agricultural land 60% of total land 4

5. Area under greenhouse(s) in different countries Country Area (ha) Netherland 89,600 China 51,000 Japan 40,000 Spain 28,000 South Korea 21, 000 Italy 19,500 Israel 18,000 USA 15,000 Turkey 12,000 India only 100 ha (1995 ) 5,730 (2012) 5

6. GREENHOUSES – WORLD SCENARIO A French botanist named Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803 to 1857), is said to have designed the first modern greenhouse in Leiden, Holland, which housed medicinal plants There are more than 50 countries now in the world where cultivation of crops is undertaken on a commercial scale under cover Asia, China and Japan are the largest users of greenhouses The development of greenhouse technology in China has been faster than in any other country in the world 6

7. Status in India In India use of greenhouse technology started only during 1980’s and it was mainly used for research activities Greenhouses are being built in the Ladakh region for extending the growing season of vegetables from 3 to 8 months In the North-East, greenhouses are being constructed essentially as rain shelters to permit off-season vegetable production In India greenhouse cultivation is mainly in Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Karnataka and Jammu and Kashmir 7

8. Greenhouse cultivation: An overview in India and Abroad In India, protected cultivation technology for commercial production is hardly three decades old - Defence Research and Development Organization(DRDO) In developed countries viz ., Japan, Holland, Russia, UK, China and others, it is about two century old China started protected cultivation in 1990’s and today the area under protected cultivation in China is more than 2.5 m ha and 90 per cent area is under vegetables Israel is one country which has taken big advantage of this technology by producing quality fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc. in water deficit desert area 8

9. Greenhouse cultivation: An overview in India and Abroad Several thousand acres are now under glass in the United States and equally large area in England and Holland , where horticulture under glass was practiced over a century ago The international associations with countries such as Israel are expected to act as a major boost to the protected cultivation in India The total greenhouse area in India at the end of ninth plan period was estimated to be 800 ha. Ladakh region of J&K has the maximum number of units i.e. more than 14,000 and each unit is about 50 sq. mt. In Himachal Pradesh, the total area under protected cultivation has been estimated to be 137 ha . 9

10. Cultivation of cabbage, cauliflower, knoll-khol, broccoli, brussel's sprouts, tomato, brinjal, chilli, capsicum and onion has been possible because of greenhouse technology in areas such as Leh and Ladakh. 10

11. The fruits and vegetables are missing in the diet of poor marginal Indian because of their overall shortage Majority of farmers are not ready to shift their crop land to fruits and vegetable cultivation, hence under such condition poly houses can be the only answer for this. We need promotion of fruits and vegetables cultivation for financial support to the farmers and total food security to all The poly house technologies are advanced in Israel, Holland, Spain, Italy, Kenya, South Africa, Japan and China. But unfortunately much neglected in India. India and Holland having more or less same land under flower cultivation but in world’s flower export, Holland’s contribution is 70% and India’s contribution is just 1% or even less because of advanced technology of poly houses in Holland. 11 Why Greenhouse Cultivation ?

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13. Solar heat conversion Open air Greenhouse 13

14. Also called a  glasshouse. It is a building or complex with protection boundaries in which plants are grown. Commercial glass greenhouse Miniature greenhouse   Greenhouse 14

15. Science of providing favorable environment conditions to the plants. Creates an ideal micro climate around the plants. It is a framed or inflated structure covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity. Greenhouse Technology 15

16. Greenhouse technology Provides a controlled and favorable environment for crop to grow and yield high in all the seasons. Saves crop from excessive cold in winters, from heat in summers and from rain in monsoon seasons. 16

17. GREEN HOUSE TECHNOLOGY Protection from Extreme temperatures High wind velocity Insect-pest & diseases Torrential Rain fall Snowfall 2. It augments CO 2 Concentration Humidity Nutrient uptake Soil health Photosynthesis Resulted in Increased Productivity Improved quality 17

18. Principles of protective cultivation The sunlight comes in the green house and is absorbed by the crop, floor and other objects which in turn emit long wave thermal radiation The solar energy remains trapped in the green house This condition of natural rise in green house air temperature is utilized in the cold regions to grow crops successfully 18

19. Types of Green house structures Detached Greenhouse Attached greenhouse Even-span greenhouses Lean-to Uneven-span greenhouses Ridge and Furrow Quonset greenhouses Barrel Vault Saw tooth type Greenhouse 19

20. Even-span Greenhouses This is the most common greenhouse in India For single span type the span in general, varies from 5 to 9 m, Length: 20-25 m and Height: 2.5-4.3 meter 20

21. Even-span – full-size structure that has one gable end attached to another building. 21

22. Uneven span type greenhouse One roof wider than the other. Different pitch angles. Used on hillsides. Wider roof faces south for maximum solar gain. 11/43 22

23. Quonset Greenhouses Framework consists of curved bars or tubes. No span. Often covered with white, polyethylene film and used to over-winter nursery stock. 12/43 23

24. The design of a greenhouse depends upon the latitude of the place and the requirement of crop.  ATTACHED GREENHOUSES Lean-to- half greenhouse split along the peak of the roof. 24

25. This type of design is used when a greenhouse is to be constructed against the side of an existing building, so the plants can make the best use of sunlight and owner can minimizes the requirement of roof support Lean to type greenhouse 13/43 25

26. Ridge and furrow greenhouse Consist of many even-span structures placed one after another forming a range of greenhouses. Gutter connected. 14/43 26

27. Barrel vault greenhouse Several Quonset type greenhouses connected together forming a range. Gutter connected. 15/43 27

28. Saw tooth type Greenhouses There is provision for natural ventilation Specific natural ventilation flow path develops in a saw tooth type greenhouse This design is used in areas under high temperature 16/43 28

29. Freestanding (detached) Structures: Separate structures. They can be set apart from other buildings to get more sun and can be made as large or small as desired. 29

30. One of the important aspect in a green house is Irrigation and Fertigation System. 30

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32. Plastic Tunnel High tunnel Low tunnel Greenhouse Net house Plastic Mulch Lath house Protected structures for Fruit crops 32

33. HIGH TUNNEL LOW TUNNEL NET HOUSE POLYHOUSE Protected structures 33

34. Propagation Raising of seedling Runner production in Strawberry Budding Grafting Production Protection Frost Heat Rain and hail Pest and diseases Uses of protected structure 34

35. Uses of protected structure 35

36. Mango Aonla Guava Quality planting material 36

37. 50,000 virus free keno plants produced and sold to farmers Insect Net Houses 37

38. 3.0 lakh root-stock prepared under soil less media for citrus 50,000 papaya plants produced under protected cultivation In Hisar, Haryana 38

39. Citrus and pomegranate plants grown under protected cultivation Citrus Pomegranate 39

40. Types of protected structure Wooden framed structure Pipe framed structure Truss framed structure 40

41. Green house types: Based on covering material Glass glazing Fiber glass reinforced plastic (FRP) glazing Plastic film UV stabilized film Net house 41

42. Green house types: Based on covering material High cost Medium cost Low cost 42

43. Active heating Active cooling Utility of Greenhouse 43

44. Hanging Strawberry, Telangana 44

45. LADAKH : GEO-CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Region of strategic defense importance due to border areas (China & Pakistan) Snow bound rugged terrain with very meager natural vegetation Remains landlocked during winters (Nov to May) Least fertile soil with low water holding capacity Less oxygen availability with low humidity Temperature ranges from - 30 C to + 35 C Precipitation as snow i.e. 9 cm (Leh) & 24 cm (Kargil) Average wind speed : 70 nautical mile /hr Short agricultural season ( May-October) Fragile ecosystem 45

46. Land Statistics of Ladakh Total area : 45167 ha Total area under cultivation : 8750 ha Area under vegetable cultivation : 246 ha 46

47. AREA UNDER GREENHOUSE CULTIVATION IN LADAKH Greenhouses developed by DIHAR : 17000 m 2 Polyenches /Ladakhi Polyhouse : 70670 m 2 FRPs from other agencies : 9096 m 2 Trenches : 30560 m 2 Total : 127326 m 2 (12.7 ha) DIHAR – Defence Institute of Higher Altitude Research 47

48. Low vegetation Less Oxygen and CO 2 availability Reduced fresh food availability during winter (Oct-April) Remoteness and technological backwardness Acute Mountain sickness Anorexia Sleep disturbances Reduced physical efficiency Frostbite Constraints of High Altitude: Ladakh 48

49. Advantages of High Altitude: Ladakh More Sunshine Hours/day (9 hours to 13 hours) Clear Sky for more than 310 days in a year Photo intensity Summer 120000-190000 Lux Winter 95000-140000 Lux 70000 – 150000 Lux midday (Plains) UV Radiation Summer 8900- 12000 µ W/cm2 Winter 4300- 5900 µ W/cm2 49

50. Vegetable Agronomy 50

51. TYPE OF GREENHOUSES EVALUATED at DIHAR Glasshouse Polycarbonate PUF Greenhouse Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Panels (FRPs) 51

52. YIELD POTENTIAL (Kg / m 2 ) OF SUITABLE CROPS IN FRP & POLYCARBONATE GREENHOUSE Crops Open FRP Polycorbonate Tomato 6.2± 0.49 19.7± 1.71 24.8± 3.10 Capsicum 2.1± 0.41 4.3± 0.65 6.8± 0.70 Chilli 1.8± 0.55 3.8± 0.51 5.7± 0.61 Cucumber 6.5± 0.60 11.7± 1.01 14.8± 1.52 Capsicum Cucumber Tomato FRP : Fibre Reinforced Plastic 52

53. Crops Yield (q/ha) under different conditions Open Polyench Polycarbonate National Average Sponge gourd 70±5.6 295±38.6 460±46.4 150-200 Ridge gourd 55±4.4 170±9.2 335±18.6 150-200 Bitter gourd 38±3.1 166±12.9 280±24.3 150-200 Okra 5±0.7 170±11.8 80±10.6 60-65 YIELD PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT CROPS UNDER VARIOUS GREENHOUSES Sponge gourd Ridge gourd Bitter gourd Okra Sponge gourd, ridge gourd and bitter gourd performed better under polycarbonate Okra yielded maximum in Polyench 39/43 53

54. Location Average yield (Kg)/year/greenhouse 2005 2006 2007 Nubra 987 ± 30.4 1098 ±42.4 1846 ±58.3 Leh 1098 ± 33.6 1246 ± 45.8 2589 ± 65.8 Kargil 1013 ± 34.6 1139 ± 49.8 2497 ± 53.1 Increased productivity is due to: Improved agronomic practices Enhanced soil genesis Fertility Performance of green houses at different locations 54

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56. Source Wikipedia www.greenhouse images www.greenhouse structure www.india map www.india geographical data 56

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