Groundwater depilation and its effect.pptx

ground water depletion and their effect.

What is Groundwater Depletion?
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-groundwater-depletion.php �. Overview of Ground Water in India Roopal Suhag February 2016
Ministry of Jal Shakti
. GROUNDWATER CRISIS IN INDIA
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1. Groundwater depilation and it’s effect Submitted by :- Vipul kumar Registration no:- 20mscegs25 Under the guidence of :- Proff Dr K. kshetrimayum Department of geology Central University of Punjab , Bathinda

2. Content Introduction Distribution of Earth’s Water Aquifers What is the meaning of ground water table depilation Major cause Impact Solutions Management and policy Conclusion Reference

3. Introduction Groundwater makes up about 1% of the water on Earth (most water is in oceans). But, groundwater makes up about 35 times the amount of water in lakes and streams. Groundwater occurs everywhere beneath the Earth's surface, but is usually restricted to depths less that about 750 meters. The volume of groundwater is a equivalent to a 55 meter thick layer spread out over the entire surface of the Earth. It is an important resource for potable water, irrigation, and industry. Because it is largely hidden from view, it is often forgotten and subject to contamination by careless humans. Groundwater is a primary agent of chemical weathering and is responsible for the formation of caves and sinkholes. Groundwater Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rock and sediment beneath the Earth's surface. It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans.

4. Distribution of Earth’s Water Source:- Ministry of Jal Shakti

5. Aquife r s Confined ( groundwater is confined between layers of clay, dense rock or other materials with very low permeability ) Unconfined (D o not have a low-permeability deposit above it. The top layer of an unconfined aquifer is the water table. ) Semiconfined ( One of the confining layer (Top or bottom) is allowing some leakage because of permeability ) Also called Water Table Aquifer Also called leaky aquifer

6. What is the meaning of ground water table depilation Groundwater depletion is a serious threat to the environment. The majority of our bodies and the Earth is made up of water. We may see the beautiful, flowing surface waters that make up the oceans, lakes and rivers, but this water is not always safe for consumption and is much more difficult to filter than groundwater. Consequently, water from the ground is especially valuable . Groundwater is something that we need all over the world. Humans and animals need water in order to survive as our bodies could not function without it. We also need water to assist us in growing crops, powering equipment, and to keep us comfortable. Societies require much more clean water than we are afforded from precipitation and surface water, which is why groundwater is used so frequently.

7. FIG.1.GR OUNW A TER DISTRIBUTION AMONG DIFFERENT STATES GROUNDWATER IS AVAILABLE AT HIGHER DEPTHS IN NORTHERN INDIA,WHICH CAN BE MORE THAN 10 METRES. HIGHER DEPTH WATER CAN BE EXTRACTED BY USING SOPHISTICATED EQUIPMENTS. (SOURCE:-CGWB)

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9. Major cause Increased demand for water for domestic, industrial and agricultural needs and limited surface water resources lead to the over-exploitation of groundwater resources. There are limited storage facilities owing to the hard rock terrain, along with the added disadvantage of lack of rainfall, especially in central Indian states. Green Revolution enabled water intensive crops to be grown in drought prone/ water deficit regions, leading to over extraction of groundwater. Frequent pumping of water from the ground without waiting for its replenishment leads to quick depletion. Water contamination as in the case of pollution by landfills, septic tanks, leaky underground gas tanks, and from overuse of fertilizers and pesticides lead to damage and depletion of groundwater resources. Inadequate regulation of groundwater laws encourages the exhaustion of groundwater resources without any penalty. Deforestation, unscientific methods of agriculture, chemical effluents from industries, lack of sanitation also lead to pollution of groundwater, making it unusable.

10. Impact 1 . Groundwater depletion will force us to pump water from deeper within the Earth.  The more we extract groundwater right below the Earth’s surface, the further down we have to go in order to get more. As we have to extract water from deeper within the Earth, we find that there is less water available. Consequently, we will have to use even more resources to develop alternative methods to reach further into the ground. 2. Large bodies of water will become more shallow from groundwater depletion . A groundwater shortage keeps additional water from flowing into lakes, rivers and seas. This means that over time, less water will enter as the existing surface water continues to evaporate. As the water becomes less deep, it will affect everything in that particular region, including fish and wildlife. 3. Saltwater contamination can occur.  We may pump groundwater instead of sourcing it from lakes and rivers, but that doesn’t mean that it isn’t connected to larger bodies of water. Groundwater that is deep within the ground often intermingles with saltwater that we shouldn’t drink. When freshwater mixes with saltwater, it is called saltwater contamination. This sort of contamination would raise the prices of drinking water for everyone because it will cost much more to pump and filter .

11. Impact 4. As large aquifers are depleted, food supply and people will suffer.  The depletion of the Colorado River and the Ogallala aquifer serve as examples of large groundwater reserves that are being depleted, despite how necessary they are to our economy and well-being. The Ogallala aquifer has been collecting groundwater for thousands of years, and its water resources have to be shared among farmers and citizens. Water from the Ogallala aquifer is used for irrigation throughout the Great Plains. So much water is being taken from this aquifer that there is no time for it to refill. Unfortunately, strict orders are not in place to regulate how much water can be pumped from this reservoir, which could have a devastating effect on the crops and people who live there. 5. A lack of groundwater limits biodiversity and dangerous sinkholes result from depleted aquifers.  Aquifers collect groundwater and are extremely important. For example, the residents near the Gulf of Mexico and Mexico City rely solely on aquifers. Wildlife, marine animals, and agriculture continues to suffer near the Gulf of Mexico because the Mississippi River runoff from industrial farming materials finds its way into the water. Parts of Mexico City are falling as the water table lowers and creates sinkholes that destroy buildings and homes.

12. Solutions There should be restrictions to cut off the access to groundwater in areas identified as "critical" and "dark zones", where the water table is overused or very low. There is a need to treat water as common resource rather than private property to prevent its overexploitation Problems and issues such as water logging, salinity, agricultural toxins, and industrial effluents, all need to be properly looked into. Research and scientific evaluations should be done before forming any policy. Water depletion can be controlled by reducing electricity subsidies . Another way of efficiently using groundwater is by encouraging farmers to adopt micro-irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation and micro-sprinklers. Government has initiated schemes like DRIP programme, more drop per crop, Krishi Sinchai Yojana to ensure economical water use practices in agriculture.

13. Solutions Bottom-up approach by empowering the local community to become active participants in managing groundwater. Creating regulatory options at the community level such as panchayat is also one among the feasible solutions. Traditional methods of water conservation should be encouraged to minimize the depletion of water resources. Technology should be used extensively for determining the relationship between surface hydrological units and hydrological units below the ground, identification of groundwater recharge areas, mapping of groundwater etc. Artificial recharge of tube wells, water reuse, afforestation , scientific methods of agriculture should also be done. Imparting key hydrogeological skills to nonprofits and rural practitioners to improve decentralised water management in India.

14. Management and policy Central Water Commission Initiating and coordinating schemes for the conservation and utilisation of water resources in the country in collaboration with state governments; and monitoring water quality Central Ground Water Board Developing and disseminating technology related to sustainable use of ground water; monitoring and implementing policies for the sustainable management of ground water resources; estimating ground water resources Central Ground Water Authority Constituted under Section 3(3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate and control development and management of ground water resources; can resort to penal actions and issue necessary regulatory directives Central Pollution Control Board Implementation of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 which seeks to restore water quality

15. Karnataka Ground Water (Regulation for Protection of Sources of Drinking Water) Act 1999 Maharashtra Ground Water Regulation (Drinking Water Purposes) Act 1993 In 2011, the government published a Model Bill for Ground Water Management based on which states could choose to enact their laws . T he Draft Model Building Bye-laws, 2015, the Ministry of Urban Development has included a provision related to rain water harvesting. Management and policy

16. Conclusion No single action whether community based, legislation, traditional water harvesting systems , or reliance on market forces will in itself alleviate the crisis in India. The effective answer to the freshwater crisis is to integrate conservation and development activities from water extraction to water management – at the local level M aking communitie aware and involving them fully is therefore critical for success. All this will ultimately pave the way for combining conservation of the environment with the basic needs of people.

17. Reference . What is Groundwater Depletion? https :// www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-groundwater-depletion.php . Overview of Ground Water in India Roopal Suhag February 2016 Ministry of Jal Shakti . GROUNDWATER CRISIS IN INDIA :: Drishti IAS Coaching in Delhi, Online IAS Test Series & Study Material

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