GROUP 1 PRESENTATION polymer chemistry a

This presentation is about polymer chemistry which has explained different polymers

1. POLYETHER ETHER KETONE

2. MUQADDAS UW-23-PCHM-MS-008 GROUP MEMBERS NIMRA LARAIB UW-23-PCHM-MS-006 WAIZA UW-23-PCHM-MS-009 AYESHA KHAN UW-23-PCHM-MS-003 AYESHA WALI UW-23-PCHM-MS-007 MARIA AYAZ UW-23-PCHM-MS-005 INTODUCTION PROPERTIES SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS APPLICATIONS FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

3. INTRODUCTION

4. PROPERTIES OF PEEK

5. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PEEK. Chemical Structure -C6H4-O-C6H4-O-C6H4-CO-)N. Molecular formula: C14H10O3 Description: PEEK is a semi-crystalline polymer consisting of repeating units of ether and ketone groups.

6. THERMAL STABILITY/HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE. High melting point: PEEK exhibits a high melting point of 343°C (649°F), allowing it to withstand extreme temperatures without significant degradation. Exceptional thermal stability: PEEK exhibits excellent performance at elevated temperatures, making it suitable for applications in demanding environments. Applications: Aerospace, Automotive, oil & gas, and electrical industries.

7. MECHANICAL STRENGTH & TOUGHNESS. High strength-to-weight ratio: PEEK possesses impressive mechanical properties. PEEK boosts high tensile strength is 170 MPa and young’s modulus of elasticity is 3.6 GPa, combined with excellent toughness, providing durability and reliability in demanding conditions. V ersatility in load-bearing applications: PEEK is preferred for components subjected to high stress and mechanical loads due to its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. Low coefficient of friction: PEEK exhibits excellent wear resistance and low frictional properties, making it suitable for bearing and sliding applications. Applications: Load-bearing components, gears, bearings, and structural parts.

8. CHEMICAL RESISTANCE Resistant to a wide range of chemicals: PEEK demonstrates excellent resistance to acids, bases, solvents, hydrolysis and harsh chemicals, maintaining its integrity even in corrosive environments. Ideal for aggressive applications : PEEK finds applications in chemical processing, oil & gas, and automotive industries where exposure to chemicals is prevalent. Applications: Chemical processing, medical devices, automotive fuel systems.

9. ELECTRICAL INSULATION PROPERTIES. Good dielectric properties: PEEK has excellent electrical insulation properties. PEEK serves as an excellent electrical insulator, maintaining stable electrical performance in various electrical and electronic applications. . Low moisture absorption: PEEK maintains stable electrical performance even in humid conditions. PEEK's low moisture absorption ensures consistent electrical properties, even in humid environments, making it ideal for electrical components. Applications: Insulators, connectors, circuit boards, and electrical components.

10. BIOCOMPATIBILITY & BIOINERTNESS Biocompatible and sterilizable: PEEK is widely used in medical implants and devices due to its biocompatibility and ability to withstand sterilization processes. Compatibility with human tissues: PEEK implants exhibit excellent biocompatibility and long-term performance in the body. Applications: Orthopedic implants, spinal implants, dental devices.

11. PROCESSABILITY & DESIGN FLEXIBILITY Easily machinable and moldable: PEEK can be processed using various methods, including injection molding, extrusion, and machining. Versatility in manufacturing processes: PEEK offers flexibility in design and production, enabling the fabrication of complex parts. Design flexibility: Peek's versatility enables engineers to design intricate parts with precise specifications, catering to specific application requirements. Applications: Medical devices, automotive components, aerospace parts.

12. LOW FRICTION & WEAR RESISTANCE. Low coefficient of friction: PEEK exhibits excellent lubricity, reducing friction and wear in sliding and bearing applications, thereby extending the lifespan of components. Enhanced durability: PEEK wear resistance makes it suitable for demanding applications where mechanical wear is a concern, such as gears and bushings.

13. SYNTHESIS OF PEEK

14. APPLICATIONS OF PEEK

15. Synthesis of PEEK

16. Step-Growth Polymerization

17. Direct Arylation Polymerization

18. Sulfonation Process Reaction : PEEK pellets or powder are typically immersed in a solution of the sulfonating agent. The reaction can occur either in solution or in the solid state. The sulfonating agent attacks the aromatic rings of the PEEK polymer, replacing hydrogen atoms with sulfonic acid groups (-SO3H ). The reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution, where the electron-rich aromatic rings of PEEK act as nucleophiles, attacking the sulfuric acid or chlorosulfonic acid molecule. Conditions : Temperature : The reaction is typically carried out at elevated temperatures, ranging from 100°C to 150°C, to ensure sufficient reaction rates. Time : The reaction time can vary depending on the desired degree of sulfonation and the specific reaction conditions but often ranges from a few hours to several days. Agitation : Stirring or mixing may be employed to ensure uniform reaction conditions and distribution of the sulfonating agent.

19. Sulfonating Agent : The sulfonating agent is usually concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) or chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO 3 H ). Sulfonation Ar-SO 2 -Ph + SO 3 → Ar-SO 3 H + SO 2 Polycondensation Ar-SO 3 H + Ar'-F → [-Ar-SO 3 -Ar'-]n + HF De sulfonation [-Ar-SO 3 -Ar'-]n + NaOH → [-Ar-O-Ar'-]n + Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O Overall Reaction (using concentrated sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent) : PEEK+H 2 SO 4 →Sulfonated  PEEK+H 2 O Overall Reaction (using chlorosulfonic acid as sulfonating agent) : PEEK+ClSO 3 H →Sulfonated   PEEK + HCl

20. Phase Transfer Catalysis Reaction : The polycondensation reaction between 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and a diol or phenol to form PEEK . 2  4,4’-Difluorobenzophenone (solid) + 2 Diol or Phenol (liquid ) → PEEK  (polymer)+Byproducts Mechanism : The phase transfer catalyst facilitates the transfer of reactants between the solid and liquid phases, overcoming mass transfer limitations. It promotes the formation of intermediates and transition states, leading to the polymerization of PEEK. Catalyst : Quaternary ammonium salts or phosphonium salts are commonly used as phase transfer catalysts in PTC reactions. Conditions : Elevated temperature and moderate to high pressures are often employed to drive the polycondensation reaction to completion.

21. Electrolytic Polymerization Reaction : The electropolymerization reaction involves the oxidation of monomers (such as 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and diols or phenols) at the anode, followed by the formation of PEEK polymer chains on the electrode surface . 4,4 ’-Difluorobenzophenone + Diol or  Phenol → PEEK  polymer Mechanism : Monomers are oxidized at the anode to form radical cations, which undergo further reactions, including chain propagation and termination, leading to the growth of PEEK polymer chains on the electrode surface. Catalyst : Electrolytic polymerization typically does not require a catalyst in the traditional sense. Instead, the electric potential applied across the electrodes drives the polymerization reaction. Conditions : Suitable conditions include the choice of conductive electrode (e.g., platinum, gold), the composition of the electrolyte solution (e.g., organic solvent containing PEEK monomers), and the applied electric potential .

22. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Reaction : The synthesis of PEEK typically involves the polycondensation reaction between aromatic monomers such as 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone and diols or phenols . 4,4 ’-Difluorobenzophenone + Diol or  Phenol→​ PEEK  polymer Mechanism : Microwave irradiation heats the reaction mixture rapidly and uniformly, promoting the activation of reactants and accelerating the reaction kinetics. In the case of PEEK synthesis, microwave irradiation enhances the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between the monomers, leading to the formation of PEEK polymer chains. Catalyst : Catalysts may not be necessary for microwave-assisted PEEK synthesis, as the rapid heating provided by microwave irradiation can sufficiently activate the reaction without the need for additional catalytic species. Conditions : The reaction conditions typically involve placing the reaction mixture in a microwave reactor vessel and subjecting it to microwave irradiation at controlled power and temperature settings. Specific conditions, including reaction time, temperature, and pressure, can be optimized to achieve the desired degree of polymerization and product quality.

23. Ionic Liquids Assisted Synthesis :

24. Alternative Methods

25. Comparison The methods for PEEK synthesis, including step-growth polymerization, direct arylation polymerization, polycondensation with various monomers, ionic liquids assisted synthesis, and phase transfer catalysis, each offer unique advantages and considerations. Step-growth polymerization methods, such as those involving bisphenol A or hydroquinone, are well-established and versatile, offering high purity and control over polymer properties. Direct arylation polymerization provides a more direct route with fewer steps and potentially lower costs, but requires specialized catalysts and conditions. Polycondensation reactions with diverse monomers like bisphenol AF offer flexibility in tailoring PEEK properties but may require additional purification steps. Ionic liquids assisted synthesis offers potential environmental benefits and control over reaction conditions, while phase transfer catalysis enables reactions between immiscible reactants. Each method has its advantages and limitations, with considerations including reaction efficiency, purity, scalability, and environmental impact, depending on the specific requirements of the synthesis process.

26. PEEK APPLICATIONS

27. PEEK APPLICATIONS Aerospace Industry : PEEK is used in aircraft components such as tubing, connectors, and fasteners due to its lightweight nature and high strength-to-weight ratio. It helps reduce overall weight while maintaining structural integrity Oil and Gas Industry : PEEK’s chemical resistance and high-temperature stability make it suitable for oil and gas applications. It is used in tubing, seals, and other critical components in harsh environments.

28. PEEK APPLICATIONS Automotive Industry : PEEK finds applications in automotive components like seals, bearings, and bushings. Its low friction properties improve efficiency, and its high wear resistance ensures durability. Electrical and Electronic Components : PEEK’s excellent electrical insulation properties make it valuable for manufacturing connectors, insulators, and other electronic components

29. PEEK APPLICATIONS Semiconductor Manufacturing : PEEK wafer carriers are used in semiconductor manufacturing processes. They provide rigidity, chemical resistance, and minimal particle generation. Biomedical Applications : Bone Implants : PEEK’s biocompatibility and mechanical properties make it suitable for bone implants. Dental Prosthodontics : PEEK is used in dental implants, crowns, and removable partial dentures.

30. PEEK APPLICATIONS Advanced Composites Manufacturing : PEEK is used in additive manufacturing for creating advanced composites with improved mechanical properties Chemical Manufacturing : PEEK components withstand aggressive chemicals, making it valuable in chemical processing

31. PEEK APPLICATIONS Oil and Gas Seals and Gaskets : PEEK seals and gaskets provide reliable sealing performance in oil and gas equipment. Medical Devices : PEEK is used in surgical instruments, orthopedic implants, and other medical devices due to its biocompatibility and strength

32. PEEK APPLICATIONS High-Performance Bearings : PEEK bearings exhibit low friction, high wear resistance, and excellent performance in demanding applications Sealing Technology : PEEK seals are used in pumps, valves, and other equipment where chemical resistance and tight sealing are critical

33. PEEK APPLICATIONS Chemical Processing Equipment : PEEK components are employed in chemical reactors, valves, and other equipment handling corrosive substances. Automotive Fuel Systems : PEEK tubing and components are used in fuel systems due to their chemical resistance and durability Electrical Insulators : PEEK serves as a reliable insulator in heavy-duty electrical wiring applications

34. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE

35. FUTUTRE PERSPECTIVE Advanced Manufacturing Techniques : With the advancement of additive manufacturing (3D printing) technologies, PEEK can be utilized for creating intricate designs and customized parts for aerospace, automotive, and medical applications. Further developments in printing methods and materials could expand the utility of PEEK in these sectors. Biomedical Applications : PEEK is already used in medical implants and devices due to its biocompatibility and radiolucency . Future developments might focus on enhancing its osseointegration properties, enabling it to be used in more load-bearing orthopedic applications such as spinal implants and joint replacements. Electronics and Electrical Engineering : PEEK's excellent electrical insulation properties make it suitable for various electrical and electronic applications. Future developments may focus on optimizing PEEK composites for use in high-frequency and high-voltage applications, such as connectors, insulators, and electronic housings.

36. FUTUTRE PERSPECTIVE Sustainability : As environmental concerns grow, there could be a shift towards developing sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. PEEK, being a high-performance polymer, might see advancements in terms of recyclability, biodegradability, or production processes that reduce environmental impact. Composite Materials : PEEK composites, reinforced with materials like carbon fiber or glass fiber, exhibit enhanced mechanical properties. Future research may explore novel reinforcement materials or hybrid composites to further improve strength, stiffness, and other functional properties for aerospace, automotive, and other high-performance applications. Energy Applications : PEEK's chemical resistance and high-temperature stability make it suitable for use in demanding energy applications such as oil and gas exploration, where equipment operates in harsh environments. Future developments might focus on tailoring PEEK formulations for specific energy industry needs, such as corrosion resistance or enhanced thermal stability.