group 3 A

group 3 A elements

1. Group 3A elements

2. Presented by M hamza Salleh qayyum Faisal islam Aqib basheer Mehwish

3. Contents Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium

4. Aluminum Introduction: Aluminum: Is a chemical element in the boron group with the symbol “Al” and atomic number 13. It is a silvery-white. Soft, Non-magnetic, Ductile metal. Atomic mass:26.981539 + 8×10ˉ⁷u. Melting point: 660.3° ϲ .

5. Discovery of aluminum: It is discovered by Hans Oersted in 1825. Origin of name: The name is derived from the Latin name for Alum “ alumin ” mea. Properties of Aluminum: Low density and there for low weight, high strength, superior malleability, easy excellent corrosion resistance and good thermal and electrical conductivity are amongst Aluminum.

6. Use of Aluminum: Aluminum is a silvery-white light weight metal. It is soft and malleable, products including cans, foils, window frames and airplane- parts. facts of Aluminum: Aluminum is element no.13 on the periodic table Of elements. This element is the second most abundant metallic element in earth's crust after silicon. Aluminum is present in more than 270 minerals.

7. Reaction of Aluminum:- Reaction with water: The surface of Aluminum metal is covered with a thin layer of oxide that helps Protect the metal from attack by air. So normally Aluminum metal does not react with air. If the oxide layer is damaged, the Aluminum metal is exposed to attack, even by water. Aluminum is insoluble in water.

8. Reaction of Aluminum:- Reaction with water: The surface of Aluminum metal is covered with a thin layer of oxide that helps Protect the metal from attack by air. So normally Aluminum metal does not react with air. If the oxide layer is damaged, the Aluminum metal is exposed to attack, even by water. Aluminum is insoluble in water.

9. Gallium ( Ga )

10. Gallium is an element of 3 rd a group. Its electronic configuration is [ Ar ] 3d 10 4s 2 4p 1 It was discovered in 1875 .

11. Chemical Properties of Gallium Atomic Number 31 Atomic Mass 69.72 g/mol Density of Gallium is 5.1 g.cm -3 at 20°C

12. Gallium reacts with halogens to form gallium halides like GaF3, GaBr3, GaCl3 etc. Ga + 3 Cl GaCl3 Ga + 3 F GaF3

13. Uses of Gallium About 95 percent of all gallium produced is used to make a single compound, gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) Gallium arsenide has many uses in all fields of life

14. Indium (In)

15. Introduction of Indium Indium is chemical element with symbol 'In' and atomic no. 49 It is post transition metal that's makes up 0.21 parts per million of the earth's crust symbol: [In] Electronic Configuration: [Kr] 4d105s25p1 Atomic no: 49 Atomic mass: 114.818 u ± 0.003 u Isotopes: 11 Density: 7.31 g.cm-3 at 20°C

16. Melting point: 156.60°C, 313.88°F, 429.75 k Boiling point: 2,027°C, 3681°F, 2300 K Ionic radius: 0.092 nm (+2) Structure: Crystal ; tetragonal Colour : Silver ; white Energy of first ionization: 558.2 kJ mol-1 Energy of second ionization: 1820.2 kJ mol-1 Energy of third ionization: 2704 kJ mol-1 Vander wals radius: 0.162 nm N of electron / proton's: 49 No's of neutron's: 66 Standard potentional : - 0.34v (In3+/Zn)

17. Discovery of Indium Indium was discover by the German chemist Ferdinand Reich and Huronymus theodor and Richter had been looking for traces the element thallium in sample of Zin ores A brilliant indigo line in the sample's of spectrum revealed the existance of indium

18. Uses of Indium Indium is used to dope germanium to make transistor It is used to make other electrical components such as rectifiers, thermistor and photo-conductors It is used to make mirrors that are as reflective as silver mirrors but do not ternish as quickly

19. Properties of Indium Chemicals Indium is unaffected by dry air at ordinary temperature It unit directly with sulpher and helogens It is unaffected by boiling water or potassium but dissolved in mineral acids The electrolytic solution pressure of indium 10 2 to 10 3 atomsphare places in b/w iron and lead in the electro motive series

20. Physical properties Physical Indium is silvery white low melting point metal belonging to the less typical metals group. So soft that like sodium it can be cut with a knife. Softer than lead ductile and retains malleable. It become super conducting at 3.37 k. It does not formed its on mineral for example sphalerite,Zns . Highest solibulity in mercury (57%).

21. Application of Indium Indium was coating bearing in high performance aircraft engines during world War (II). In 1905,tiny beads of indium were used for the emitters and collectors of PNP-alloys, junction transistors In 1924,indium was found to have valued property of stabilizing non, Ferous metals Used as a transparent conductive coating on glass tube substrate It's wire is used as a vaccum seal and a thermal conductor in cryogenies

22. Abundance It is very abundant on earth's crust example : much more then silver for example and the annual silver production is at least 40 time's bigger then the annual indium production Geographically Indium is abundant is south America , Canada, Australia , China and CIS the reserves widely spread.

23. Thallium (Ti)

24. Thallium Atomic number (81) Atomic mass (204.3833) Discovery year (1861) Electronic configuration (6s2,6p1)

25. Physical properties Bluish white element. Heavy and soft. Boiling point (302.c). Melting point (1457.c). Density (11.85) gram per centimeter cube.

26. Electronic configuration (6s2,6p1). Isotopes (2). Geometry (hexagonal). Atomic radius (1.71). Oxidation states (3).

27. Chemical Reactions Thallium react with air. Also perform substitution reactions

28. Uses Thallium sulfate used as rodent killer . Used in photoelectric cell. Thallium oxides used to make high refractive glass. Alloy with mercury used in low temperature thermometers.

29. Natural abundance Thallium found in ores . Pyrites. By product of refining of copper, zinc and lead. Manganese nodules on the ocean floor .

30. The end