GROUP 5.pptx Powerpoint presentation on menstrual cycle

menstruation and menstrual cycle pptx

1. SCENARIO During a clinical rotation, a nursing student is shadowing a senior nurse who flawlessly recalls the medication history, allergies, and specific care needs of multiple patients without checking the records. The student is amazed and wonders how the nurse is able to remember so much accurately, especially in such a high-pressure environment. Later, when asked to administer a medication, the student forgets the correct dosage they just read a few minutes ago and needs to check again. This makes them reflect on their own memory capacity and why some information sticks while other details fade quickly. What processes allow the senior nurse to retain and recall detailed patient information easily, while the student struggles? What factors influence our ability to remember or forget?

2. GROUP 5 PRESENTATION

3. MEMORY Memory is a mental function that enables us to take in, retain, and use information by processing and organizing it effectively. The faculty of the mind that retains knowledge or ideas, remembrance, recollecting and retrieving them. It is the time within which a person may remember what has passed.

4. STAGES OF MEMORY ENCODING OR PROCESSING STORAGE RETRIEVAL

5. ENCODING Encoding or processing - it is when information comes into our memory system. The information needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with so it can be stored. There are 3 main ways in which memory can be encoded. They are: a. Visual (picture) b. Acoustic (sound) c. Semantic (meaning)

6. STORAGE Storage - this concerns the nature of the memory stores, thus, where the information is stored, how long the memory will last for (duration), how much can be stored at each time (capacity) and what kind of information is held. The way information is stored affects the way it is retrieved.

7. RETRIEVAL This refers to getting the information out of storage. If one cannot remember something, it means the person is unable to retrieve it.

8. TYPES OF MEMORY SENSORY REGISTER It is the type of memory that receives information from the outside world through the senses like hearing, seeing, touching, etc. It discards or transfers received data to the next level. It involves: a. Iconic holds visuals for 10 seconds b. Echoic holds auditory for 4 - 10 seconds

9. SHORT TERM MEMORY It is the type of memory that stores information for about 20 minutes . It stores 5 - 9 bits of information at a time. It is the working memory . Information is transferred to the next level or displaced when there is a new one. We can hold information in the working memory by repetition e.g. the need to remember a phone number until you find a piece of paper to write it on, then you repeat the number to yourself. It also has limited capacity e.g. after reading a long list and trying to remember it there and then, one will remember a few of what he read.

10. SHORT TERM MEMORY Psychologist George Miller concluded that the working memory can remember about 7 items at a time . Information is stored here as a result of primary effect, recency effect, frequency effect, distinctiveness, association, reconstruction.

11. LONG TERM MEMORY It points to the ability to remember things for a very long time or for a lifespan. Memories such as movies you watched yesterday, academic knowledge, playing football etc. are all set in the long term memory. It has no capacity limitations.

12. TYPES OF LONG TERM MEMORY

13. a. Declarative/explicit – it needs conscious reflecting on retrieval (facts, events). There are 2 types of explicit memory. They are: i. Episodic memory : it refers to firsthand experiences that we have had e.g. the first day you entered tertiary school. ii. Semantic memory : it refers to our knowledge of facts and concepts about the world e.g. how many regions are in Ghana?

14. b. Non-declarative/ implicit has no conscious awareness but influences behavior (skill, habits). It refers to experiences on behavior even if the individual is not aware of those influences. It has 3 main types. They are: Classical conditioning effect : it is when we learn, often without effort or awareness, to associate neutral stimulus such as sound with another stimulus such as food, which creates a natural occurring response such as salivating Procedural memory : it refers to unexplained knowledge of how we do things e.g. speaking to another in English, how to ride a bicycle. Priming : it is the change in behavior as a result of experiences that have happened frequently or recently e.g. seeing an advert of an alcoholic drink can cause one to start drinking or seeing students of a rival school can arouse our competitive spirit.

15. FORGETTING Forgetting is the loss of information that was previously stored in the memory. It is a common part of daily life. Events involved in forgetting can happen before or after the actual memory process

16. CAUSES OF FORGETTING

17. CAUSES OF FORGETTING Some of the causes are:

18. THEORIES OF FORGETTING Several theories explaining why we forget have been propounded. They are: Theory of disuse or leaky bucket hypothesis This theory tells us that forgetting takes place when there is no practice. Theory of interference This is when something interferes with what has been learnt and this makes it impossible for the person to remember. There are two (2) types of interference. They are:     a. Proactive inhibition : when old things learnt prevent one from remembering new things learnt.     b. Retroactive inhibition : when new things learnt prevents one from remembering old things learnt.

19. 3.Theory of Motivated Forgetting It is the process of consciously or unconsciously blocking out negative, painful or threatening memories. There are 2 types of motivated forgetting. They are: a. Repression : the unconscious process of blocking negative memories to a point where the person is unaware of their existence. b. Suppression : the conscious process of blocking negative memories. Here, the individual may entirely ignore or refuse to acknowledge that such memory exists. 4. Theory of decay This is when one has reduced capability of memory which is most common in the aged since they have wear and tear of brain cells

20. TECHNIQUES FOR MINIMIZING FORGETFULNESS Rehearsal or constant practice Meaningfulness or getting the understanding of what is learnt Mnemonic devices or forming acronyms to make learning easy Visual imagery Proper arrangement of information Chunking