GROUP 7 - Modern-Idealism-philosophers.pptx

Philosophy ppt

1. Modern Idealism philosophers

2. Rhea mae s. nob Angie a. pinaaling Rowena p. oplas Group 7 presenters Misty lou a. perocho

3. What isIdealism in philosophy?

4. Idealism recognizes ideas,feelings and ideals more important than material objects.

5. Who are the modern Idealism philosophers?

6. Plato (428-347 bce) Greek Philosopher Considered Father of Idealism: PLATONIC IDEALISM

7. 1. Theory of Forms: Plato's Theory of Forms is the cornerstone of his idealism. According to this theory, the material world that we perceive with our senses is not the real world, but a shadow or image of the world of forms. Plato’s contribution

8. 2. Dualism of the World: - Plato was a dualist, he believed in a distinction between the material world (the world of appearances or the sensible world) and the intelligible realm (the world of Forms or Ideas).

9. Plato’s contribution 3. Theory of Knowledge: (Epistemology) - Plato was interested in how we come to know things. He explored questions about the nature of knowledge and how it is acquired.

10. Plotinus A prominent figure in Neoplatonism, Plotinus expanded upon Plato's ideas, emphasizing the primacy of the One (the ultimate source of all existence) and the hierarchical emanation of reality from this divine principle.

11. Plotinus’s contribution 1. Theory of Emanation -Plotinus introduced the concept of emanation to describe the process by which lower levels of reality derive from higher ones.

12. Plotinus’s contribution 2.Hierarchy of Being: -Plotinus developed a hierarchical framework for understanding the structure of reality.

13. Plotinus’s contribution At the top of this hierarchy is the One, followed by the Nous, the World Soul, and the material realm.

14. Plotinus’s contribution 3. The Soul and Its Ascent: -Plotinus developed a complex understanding of the soul and its journey towards union with the divine.

15. George Berkeley (1685-1753) Berkeley is the founder of Modern Idealism. An Irish philosopher of the 18th century,

16. Berkeley’s contribution 1.Subjective Idealism: - Berkeley is most famous for his doctrine of subjective idealism, also known as immaterialism. He argued that the only things that truly exist are minds (spirits) and the ideas or perceptions they have.

17. 2. Critique of Abstract Ideas: - Berkeley's critique of abstract ideas laid the groundwork for his idealist metaphysics, which denied the existence of material substance. Berkeley’s contribution

18. Berkeley’s contribution 3.Theory of Perception: - Berkeley's philosophy of perception emphasizes the active role of the mind in constructing reality.

19. Berkeley’s contribution 4. Divine Perception: - Berkeley posited that the perception of material objects is ultimately grounded in the perception of God.

20. Modern Idealism philosophers

21. René Descartes (1596–1650) Known as Cartesian dualism (or mind–body dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body

22. 1. Cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am): - The "I think" part emphasizes the existence of a thinking subject, which is central to idealist philosophy. descartes's principles of idealism:

23. 2. Dualism: Descartes is known for his mind-body dualism, which posits that the mind (or soul) and body are fundamentally distinct substances. descartes's principles of idealism:

24. 3. Methodological Doubt: -Descartes employed a method of systematic doubt, questioning the reliability of sensory perception and empirical knowledge in his pursuit of certainty. descartes's principles of idealism:

25. 4. God as the guarantor of truth -Descartes posited the existence of God as a necessary condition for ensuring the reliability of clear and distinct ideas, upon which his system of knowledge rests. descartes's principles of idealism:

26. Immanuel kant (1724-1804) German philosopher Concerned with duty and reason Believed that the intentions behind an action were more important than the consequences.

27. Immanuel kant (1724-1804) Knowledge begins with experience and experience is the occasion for the awakening of the knowing mind;

28. Immanuel kant (1724-1804) but the mind thus awakened is not limited in its knowledge to what it has found in experience.

29. Theory by Kant Morality is based on reason not emotion. Therefore what you intend and why is the important focus

30. Theory by Kant Good intentions come from Good Will. The use of Reason to inform Good Will helps highlight your Duty in any situation.

31. Gandhi's idealism is often evident in his moral and political principles, which were deeply rooted in his beliefs about truth, nonviolence (ahimsa), and the inherent worth and dignity of every individual. Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948)

32. Gandhi's idealism 1. Ahimsa (Nonviolence) -He believed that nonviolence was not just a strategy for achieving political goals but also a moral principle rooted in the inherent dignity and worth of all human beings.

33. Gandhi's idealism 2. Satyagraha (Truth Force): -Satyagraha was based on the idealistic belief that individuals could transform society through the practice of truth and nonviolent resistance.

34. Gandhi's idealism 3. Sarvodaya (Welfare of All): -His idealistic vision of society emphasized the importance of social and economic justice, equality, and the well-being of every individual, especially the marginalized and oppressed.

35. Gandhi's idealism 4. Simple Living and Self-Sufficiency: - He believed that true happiness and fulfillment came from living a life of simplicity, frugality, and spiritual devotion.

36. Gandhi's idealism 5. Spiritual and Moral Values: - His idealism was deeply influenced by his spiritual and religious beliefs, particularly his adherence to the principles of Hinduism and his commitment to universal moral values such as love, compassion, and forgiveness .

37. Modern Idealism philosophers

38. Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814): Johann Gottlieb Fichte was a prominent German philosopher who made significant contributions to idealism and the development of German Idealism.

39. Fichte’s contribution : 1. Subjective Idealism: -Fichte is best known for his development of subjective idealism, which posits that the self or ego is the fundamental ground of all reality.

40. Fichte’s contribution : 2. Transcendental Idealism: -Fichte further developed the idea that the mind plays an active role in shaping and constructing reality. He emphasized the subjective activity of the self in determining the nature of experience and reality.

41. 3. Self-Consciousness and Freedom: - Fichte explored the nature of self-consciousness and argued that self-awareness is essential for freedom. He believed that true freedom comes from recognizing oneself as an autonomous agent capable of shaping one's own destiny.

42. Fichte’s contribution : 4. Ethical Idealism: - Fichte's idealism extended to ethics, where he proposed that moral principles are grounded in the autonomy of the self. He argued for the importance of ethical action based on rational self-determination and the pursuit of the moral law.

43. George Wilhelm friedrich hegel Hegel's philosophy is often characterized as absolute idealism, which holds that reality is ultimately a unified, rational, and spiritual whole.

44. 1. Dialectical Method: -Hegel developed a dialectical method of philosophical inquiry, which he used to analyze the development of ideas, history, and reality itself. hegel’s contribution

45. 2. Absolute Idealism: - According to Hegel the Absolute manifests itself in various forms throughout history, culminating in the rational self-consciousness of human beings. hegel’s contribution

46. 3. Phenomenology of Spirit: - The "Phenomenology" serves as an introduction to Hegel's philosophical system and provides insights into his views on knowledge, history, and the nature of reality. hegel’s contribution

47. Hegel posited the existence of an Absolute Spirit or Absolute Mind that manifests itself in the world through a process of self-realization.

48. Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775-1854): German philosopher, explored idealism in his early works, particularly in his concept of the Absolute as the underlying unity of all things.

49. Schelling’s contribution: 1.Identity Philosophy: Schelling argued that reality is a dynamic unity of opposites, where subject and object, mind and nature, are ultimately identical. His philosophy aimed to overcome the dualisms inherent in previous philosophical systems.

50. Schelling’s contribution: 2.Philosophy of Nature: Schelling made significant contributions to the philosophy of nature, emphasizing the interconnectedness and dynamic unity of the natural world.

51. 3. The Absolute: Schelling developed the concept of the Absolute as the underlying unity that encompasses both nature and spirit. He saw the Absolute as an evolving, self-differentiating process, moving towards greater self-awareness and freedom

52. 4. Freedom and Determinism: -He argued that true freedom arises from the recognition of one's own self as both determined and self-determining.

53. Modern Idealism philosophers

54. Bosanquet was a British idealist philosopher who contributed to the development of absolute idealism. He argued for the unity of the individual and the universal within a single reality. Bernard Bosanquet (1848-1923) :

55. Bosanquet’s contribution : 1. Absolute Idealism: -Bosanquet's absolute idealism emphasized the interconnectedness of all aspects of reality within a single, coherent whole.

56. Bosanquet’s contribution : 2.Metaphysics: -He proposed a metaphysical system based on the idea that reality is fundamentally rational and that all beings are manifestations of a single, organic whole.

57. Bosanquet’s contribution : 3.Ethical and Political Philosophy: -His ethical and political philosophy emphasized the role of reason, community, and social cooperation in achieving human flourishing.

58. Bosanquet’s contribution : 4.Theory of Knowledge: -Bosanquet developed a theory of knowledge that emphasized the active role of the mind in shaping and interpreting experience.

59. Bradley was a British idealist philosopher known for his work "Appearance and Reality" and his development of "absolute idealism." Francis Herbert Bradley (1846-1924):

60. F. H. Bradley (1846-1924): : Bradley critiqued the notion of a plurality of independent entities, arguing for the unity of reality as an interconnected whole.

61. F. H. Bradley (1846-1924): : He emphasized the role of thought or consciousness in apprehending this unified reality.

62. F. H. Bradley : His major work, "Appearance and Reality," published in 1893, is considered a cornerstone of British idealism.

63. Bradley developed a form of idealism known as "absolute idealism" or "monistic idealism," which posits that reality is ultimately unified and that the distinctions we perceive in the world are ultimately illusory.

64. Josiah Royce (1855-1916): An American philosopher, Royce developed a form of idealism known as "absolute idealism" or "personal idealism."

65. Josiah Royce (1855-1916): He argued for the existence of an all-encompassing Absolute, which includes all finite individuals and their experiences.

66. Josiah Royce (1855-1916): According to Royce, the Absolute is a spiritual reality that unifies and gives meaning to the diverse experiences of individuals.

67. Royce posited the existence of an all-encompassing Absolute, which he referred to as the "Infinite One" or "Absolute Mind."

68. One of Royce's most significant contributions is his theory of community, which emphasizes the importance of social relations and collective identity in human life.

69. Royce argued that individuals find fulfillment and meaning through participation in communities, which provide a sense of belonging and shared purpose.

70. These philosophers represent a diverse range of idealist perspectives, each offering unique insights into the nature of reality and the role of consciousness in shaping our understanding of the world.

71. Thank you!