Group no. 4 GMO biotechnology.pptx aleeza

Thing related to food science

1. Genetically Modified Food Presented To: Miss Rebia Ijaz Presented By: Group 5 Food Biotechnology 1

2. Group Participants: Areeba Ashraf 121 Saira Asghar 130 Wajiha Siddque 132 Iqra Amin 140 Alishba Rehman Khan 144 2

3. Introduction to Genetically Modified Foods Revolutionizing agriculture and food production “In today’s rapidly evolving world, science and technology have transformed the way we grow, produce and consume food. One of the most impactful innovations is Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs).” These foods are designed using advanced biotechnology to enhance nutritional quality, improve crop yield, and ensure food security. 3

4. Definition of GMOs: GMOs are foods produced from organisms whose genetic material (DNA) has been altered using modern biotechnology. Unlike traditional breeding, GMOs allow precise transfer of specific genes to achieve desired traits. Example: Corn resistant to pests, rice with more vitamins, and tomatoes with longer shelf life. 4

5. When and How GMOs Started? The concept of altering crops is not new — traditional selective breeding has existed for thousands of years. . The modern GMO era began in the 1970s, when scientists discovered ways to transfer genes between organisms. In 1983, the first genetically modified plant (tobacco) was developed. In 1994, the first GMO food (Flavr Savr Tomato) was approved for commercial sale in the USA. Since, then GMO technology has been expanded globally. 5

6. Purpose of GMOs development To increase crop productivity and resist pests/diseases. To reduce the use of harmful pesticides. To enhance nutritional quality of foods (e.g., Golden Rice rich in Vitamin A). To improve shelf life, taste, and resistance to environmental stress. To ensure global food security with a growing population. 6

7. Impact and future prospects GMOs are now grown in more than 25 countries, including the USA, Brazil, Argentina, and India. . They play a major role in reducing hunger, protecting the environment, and supporting sustainable agriculture. Future developments aim for climate-resistant crops, better nutrition, and eco-friendly farming. GMOs are not just a technology—they are a revolution in global food systems. 7

8. Purpose of the Genetically Modification of food Introduction of Genetic Modification : 1. Genetic modification enhances crop productivity annually improving global food supplies steadily every year now 2. It introduces nutritional improvements in foods benefiting human health greatly everyday always.
3. Gene editing techniques like CRISPR enable precise genetic modifications nowadays commonly.
4. Genetic changes affect agricultural sustainability reducing chemical usages often yearly.
5. Modifications help combat malnutrition through enriched food crops globally spreading fast. 8

9. Improving Crop Yield 1. Crops become drought resistant helping survive water scarcities often in farms.

2. Pest resistances in GM crops reduce chemical pesticide usages commonly nowadays.

3. Farming in challenging climatic conditions gets supported yearly adapting well.

4. Agricultural productivity boosts impacting economies positively always occurring.

5. Genetic traits enable faster crop growth cycles normally in agriculture. 9

10. Enhancing Nutrition 1. Iron enriched crops reduce anemia issues commonly in populations yearly.

2. Protein qualities improve in foods benefiting nutrition always occurring.

3. Healthier eating gets supported through nutrient-enriched food options now. 4. Dietary improvements impact health outcomes positively with GM foods.

5. Consumption of healthier genetically altered food varieties promotes wellness annually. 10

11. Pest and Disease Resistance 1. Pest-resistant GM crops reduce pesticide usage annually in agriculture now. 2. Crops get protected from harmful insect attacks effectively always. 3. Crop losses due to diseases and pests minimize greatly yearly. 4. Sustainable agriculture gets supported by lowering chemical uses often. 5. Crop survival rates enhance impacting yields positively always. 6. Ecosystem balances affect by reducing pesticide environmental impacts. 11

12. Increasing Food Security 1. Global food security needs get supported amid growing populations yearly.

2. Food availability enhances in scarcity-prone regions annually now.

3. Hunger reduction happens through improved agricultural outputs often.

4. Sustainable farming supports long-term food supplies effectively always.

5. Nutritional food access improves in communities positively yearly. 12

13. Environmental Impacts 1. Biodiversity concerns arise with GM crop introductions yearly often.

2. Soil health affects in agricultural GM practices annually.

3. Water usage impacts in genetically altered crops exist yearly.

4. Environmental assessments for GMOs are regularly required now.

5. Ecosystems need balances maintained with GM agriculture always. 13

14. Genetically Modified Cotton ( Bt Cotton) Bt cotton is modified to protect itself from bollworm and other insects. It contains a gene from the Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) bacterium that produces a protein toxic to insects but safe for humans . a natural toxin against pests. This reduces the need for chemical insecticides. Farmers benefit from higher yields , pesticide use decreases. and lower crop damage. 14

15. Golden Rice To create rice that naturally produces beta-carotene , the substance that our body converts into Vitamin A. One gene from the daffodil plant that helps make beta-carotene. One gene from a bacterium that supports the same pathway. These two genes were inserted into the DNA of rice plants using genetic engineering techniques . The genes activate the production of beta-carotene in the rice grains . 15

16. Soyabean Weeds compete with soybean plants for sunlight, water, and nutrients. Farmers use herbicides to control weeds — but those chemicals can also harm soybean plants. To make soybeans resistant to herbicides so weeds die, but soybeans survive. The EPSPS gene was inserted into soybean DNA This allows farmers to control weeds easily without damaging the crop. 16

17. Potatoes (Innate Potato) Reduce bruising, browning, and acrylamide formation while using only potato genes. Genes responsible for bruising and browning within the potato itself. Scientists silence specific genes in potato cells. Modified cells are grown into full potato plants in the lab. Potatoes resist bruising and browning. Produce less acrylamide when fried. Reduce food waste and improve safety. 17

18. Papaya Papaya crops were devastated by the ringspot virus , causing huge losses for farmers. GM make papaya resistant to the ringspot virus to save the crop. A gene is inserted to make the papaya immune to infection. Healthy crops with higher yield. Farmers can grow papayas without heavy losses. 18

19. Advantages of GMOs Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) offer advantages such as   increased crop yields and resistance to pests, diseases, and environmental stresses like drought.   This can lead to a reduced need for chemical pesticides, lower food costs, enhanced nutritional value, and a more stable food supply.   Additionally, GMOs can help address food security by improving crop durability, extending shelf life, and making food more accessible. 19

20. Agricultural and environmental benefits Pest and disease resistance:   Crops can be engineered to be resistant to specific pests, which reduces the need for chemical pesticides, such as the use of   Bt-corn   to fight pests.   Herbicide tolerance:    Some crops are tolerant to herbicides, which simplifies weed control by allowing farmers to spray herbicides without harming the crop.   Stress tolerance:    GMOs can be created to withstand difficult environmental conditions like drought, cold, and salty soil, allowing for greater crop production in diverse climates.   20

21. Nutritional and economic benefits Longer shelf life:    Some GM crops are modified to have a longer shelf life, which can help reduce food waste.   Lower food costs:    Increased efficiency in crop production can lead to lower production costs for farmers and potentially lower prices for consumers.   Improved food quality:    Some modifications can result in improved food quality, such as a potato that produces less of a cancer-causing substance when fried.   21

22. Food quality and accessibility Improved nutritional value: GMOs can be engineered to have higher levels of specific nutrients, such as vitamins or minerals, to address dietary deficiencies in certain populations. Enhanced food quality: Some GMOs have been modified to have more desirable traits, such as better taste, longer shelf life, or a reduced amount of a cancer-causing substance when cooked. Lower food costs: Increased crop efficiency can lead to reduced production costs, which can translate to lower prices for consumers. 22

23. continue.... Greater food security: By increasing yields and crop resilience, GMOs play a crucial role in ensuring a stable and abundant food supply for a growing global population. Improved flavor and appearance: Some GMOs are developed to have better taste, texture, or color. Less spoilage: Some varieties can be engineered to produce less of a cancer-causing substance when fried. 23

24. Concerns and Controversies Health and Safety Issues Some people worry that GM foods might cause allergic reactions or unknown long-term health effects , since new genes are introduced into food crops. There’s concern that antibiotic resistance genes used in modification could transfer to humans or bacteria, reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics. 24

25. Environmental Impact GM crops may affect biodiversity by reducing the variety of natural species. Cross-pollination between GM and non-GM plants can create “ superweeds ” or pest-resistant species , which are difficult to control. Overuse of herbicide-tolerant crops may lead to increased herbicide usage , harming soil and non-target organisms like bees and butterflies. 25

26. Ethical and Religious Concerns Some people believe it is unnatural or unethical to alter the genetic makeup of living organisms. Certain religious groups may oppose GM foods if animal genes are inserted into plants, violating dietary or cultural beliefs. 26

27. Economic Concerns GM seeds are often patented by large biotech companies , which can make farmers dependent on buying new seeds each season. This raises issues of corporate control over agriculture and economic inequality among farmers. 27

28. Labeling and Consumer Rights Many consumers believe GM foods should be clearly labeled so people can make informed choices. Lack of transparency in labeling leads to public mistrust and controversy over whether GM foods are being sold without disclosure. 28

29. References Maghari , B. M., & Ardekani , A. M. (2011). Genetically modified foods and social concerns. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 3(3) , 109–117. Thompson , P. B. (2007). Ethical arguments relevant to the use of GM crops. Nutrition Research Reviews, 20(2), 175–180 . Healthline . (2021). GMOs: Pros and Cons, Backed by Evidence 29

30. Thank you 30