growth & development for msc agronomy student

Best Growth and development presentation for msc agronomy students

1. Modern concepts in crop production (AGR-7381)- 2+1

2. Land degradation (erosion, nutrient mining, carbon loss etc.,) is a serious environmental problems that threatens the ecosystem, health and food security: Excessive tillage, as practiced in conventional agriculture is one of the most important drivers of erosion (fine seedbed) Main causes of soil quality decline - depletion due to crop harvest removals (residues), leaching and soil erosion, lack of supplemental nutrients. Rising input and energy costs in conventional tillage- secondary tillage, planking, harrowing etc. Increase emission of greenhouse gas Why need of this concepts

3. History Edward H. Faulkner (1886-1964) criticized the universally used MB plough His book “Plowman’s Folly: A Second Look Father of Conservation Tillage Problems in adoption of CA during before 1940, but 2,4-D and its sister herbicides (MCPA, 2,4-DB, MCPP), and later atrazine, paraquat . 1990s new generation machines (happy seeder/turbo seeder) solved this

4. Modern concept of tillage aims at conserving resources and improving resource-use efficiency through minimum tillage (stared in the USA in mid-seventies for providing fine tilth only in row zone), zero tillage (extreme form of minimum tillage) and coservation tillage (zero tillage + soil cover through residues).

5. Conservation tillage It is any tillage and planting system that maintains at least 30% of the soil surface covered by residues after planting to reduce water erosion or where erosion is the primary concern maintain at least 1000 kg/ha of small grain residues equivalent on the surface during the critical wind erosion period. Conservation Agriculture

6. No tillage or Zero tillage Is extreme form of minimum tillage. Primary tillage completely avoided and secondary tillage restricted to seedbed preparation 4 tasks in one operation- clean narrow strip, open soil for seed insertion, place seed, cover the seed A practice in which soil disturbance is limited only to the spot where the seed would be placed. Weeds are controlled by herbicides or secondary tillage. Mulch tillage The objective is to leave crop residue to serve as mulch. A variety of implements are used to incorporate a part of crop residue into the soil, the remainder is left on top. Row zone tillage After primary tillage secondary only in row zone Plough- plant tillage After pri tillage special planter use to sown seed Wheel track planting Ploughing done usual. Tractor used for sowing and wheel pulverise the row zone Types and methods of conservation tillage

7. Minimum Tillage Is aimed at reducing tillage to minimum necessary for ensuring a good seedbed, rapid germination, a satisfactory stand and favourable growing conditions. Tillage can be reduced by- By omitting operation which do not give benefit compared to cost By combining agricultural operations like sedding and fertiliser application.

8. BENEFITS OF CA AGRONOMIC BENEFITS Improvement in soil productivity Increase in organic matter Soil water conservation Improvement in soil structure ECONOMIC BENEFITS Time and labour requirement saving Reduction of costs Higher efficiency ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS Reduction in soil erosion Improvement in water quality Improvement in air quality Increase in biodiversity carbon sequestration

9. Crop Growth in relation to environment, Concept of yield potential and its realization, agroecological zones

10. Growth- irreversible increase in size or weight. While Development is Phasic change. -Growth= photosynthesis-respiration

11. Factors affecting crop production/growth/yield Abiotic(climatic factors-50%yield) Temperature Solar radiation Water Wind Relative humidity Biotic Weed Insect pest

12. Solar radiation- -thermal effect of radiation- 70% absorbed convert into heat -photosynthetic effect 28% -photoperiodic effect -PAR 0.4-0.7µm Beer’s law I = light intensity at point Io= light intensity on top of the canopy LAI= leaf area index K= extinction coefficient e = exponential constant (RSM- 0.65, 0.70, 0.84) -Resource use efficiency (RUE)= biomass accumulated/solar radiation intercepted In general, linear response of CO2 assimilation in response to solar radiation upto limit.  

13. Temperature Cardinal temperature= min + max + optimum Most plant grow 15-30 C Q10=rate of reaction (t+10)c/rate of reaction at t C GDD= ∑( Tmi+Tmx /2)-Tb PTU= ∑(GDD x length of night or day) temp Cool season crop Warm season crop Min 0-5 15-20 Opti 25-30 30-38 max 30-38 45-50

14. Potential yield- For high yield – understanding of interaction between a proper variety, environment & agronomic management practices Y= a x b x c x d Key points Interception of PAR Use of energy in reduction of CO2 Incorporation of assimilates (sink) Maintenance of plant as living unit

15. 5 P’s of potential yield Prior events- vegetative growth Photosynthesis Partitioning- current Pod filling period Prior accumulation and mobilization- previous

16. Crop growth analysis LAI RGR CGR NAR

17. Defination -terminology Basis by NBSS & LUP (20) – Physiography Soil bio-climate Length of crop growing period