Growth and development of infant ppt

Growth and development of Infant

1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT Presented by : Miss . Shrutika . S . Navilyale MSc Nursing 1 st year Child Health Nursing KAHER INS Belagavi

2. INTRODUCTION The pediatric age group ranges form 0-18 yrs i.e. from the day of conception to the 18 yrs of age . They are : Prenatal period :From conception to birth Neonatal period :Birth to four weeks Infancy period :Four weeks to 1 year Toddler period :From 1-3 years Preschool period :3-6 years (early childhood ) School period :6-12 years( late childhood ) Adolescence :From puberty to beginning of adulthood (13-18 years)

3. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT (0-1 YEAR) PHYSICAL GROWTH: Weight : Average weight of newborn is 2.5kgs which decreases by 10% in first 10 days of life and then increases at the rate of 500 to 600 gms per month for first 6 months . Length : At birth the length of newborn is 45-50 cm . It increases approximately 2-2.5 cm per month during first 6 months . Head circumference : At birth it is approximately 33-35cm and increases at the rate of 1.5 cm per month during the first 6 months . Chest circumference : About 31-33 cm . Pulse rate : 130 ± 20 / min

4. Conti… Respiration rate : 35 ± 10 /minute Blood pressure: 80/50 ± 20/10 mm Hg Reflexes : The baby has well developed sucking, rooting , swallowing , and extrusion reflex. The baby also has moro’s reflex ., tonic neck reflex and crossed extensor reflex

5. Conti… MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: a)Gross motor development : Lies in flexed position with hands clenched . Turns head when in prone position. Head lags behind when baby is pulled up from supine to sitting position. b)Fine motor development: Grasp reflex is strong . Baby can grasp an object placed in hand but drops it immediately. SENSORY DEVELOPMENT : Protective blinking reflex is present. Indefinite stare at surrounding . Notice faces and bright objects but if only if they are in line vision.

6. Conti.. LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT : Startles to loud noise . Responds to human voice. Makes comfort sounds during feeding . Begins to coo. NEWBORN SENSES: Touch: It is most highly developed senses. It is mostly at lips , tongue, ears, and forehead. Newborn is usually comfortable with touch. Vision : pupils react to light. Follow objects in line of vision . Bright lights is unpleasant to newborns.

7. Conti…. Hearing: The newborn infant usually makes some response to sound from birth. The newborn infant responds to sounds with cry or eye movements , cessation of activity and /or startle activity. Taste: Well developed as bitter and sour fluids are resisted while sweet fluids are accepted. Smell : Only evidence in newborn infants search for nipple .

8. 2 months Physical development: Posterior fontanel closes at 3-6 weeks age. Tears starts appearing . Drooling begins. Motor development: Gross motor: Less fixed prone position – arms flexed , hip flat and legs extended. Lifts head almost to 45 degree flat surface when lying prone. Fine motor: Hands may be open. Holds rattle when placed in hand.

9. Conti... Sensory development: Turns head to side when sound occurs at ear level. Eyes follow moving objects and persons nearby. Visual acuity is hyper active. Language : Laughs and squeals . Crying becomes differentiated. Utters single vowel sounds. Social development: Smiles to mother/ caregivers. Knows that cry will bring attention.

10. 3 months Physical development: Flexion posture is reduced . Grasping , crossed extensor and moro’s reflex disappears. Landavu reflex appears. Motor development: Gross motor: Able to lift head to 90 degree when in prone position. Able to hold head erect but head still bobs forward. Rolls over back to front. Fine motor: Can grasp toy but lacks firm hold. Carries objects and hands to mouth at will.

11. Conti... Sensory development: Turns head and looks at same direction to locate sound. Blinks at objects that threaten the eyes. Language development: Cries less. Shows pleasure in making sounds. Chuckles and coos. Social development: May lough loud. Looks in direction of speaker.

12. 4 months Physical development: Drooling indicates appearance of saliva. Tonic neck reflex and rooting reflex disappears. Motor development: Gross development: Holds head erect and steady when placed sitting position. Sits for short time with support. Head lag disappears when pulled to sit. Fine motor: Brings hands together in midline and plays with fingers. Reaches for objects.

13. Conti. .. Sensory development: Follows objects to 180 degrees. Fairly good binocular vision . Beginning of hand – eye coordination. Language development: Utters two syllable vowels sounds. Can vocalize consonants like ‘m, b, g’. Responds differently to pleasant and angry voice. Social development: Initial social play by smiling.

14. 5 months Physical development: Weight is almost double of birth weight. Motor development: Gross motor : Sits with alight support. Pulls feet up to mouth when in supine . Rolls from back to abdomen. Fine motor: Attempts to catch dangling objects with 2 hands. Brings use of forefinger and thumb in pincer grasp. Tries to obtain objects beyond reach. Can hold 1 object while looking at another.

15. Conti... Sensory development: Looks in direction of sound made below ear. Stops crying in response to music. Visual acuity is 20/20. language development: Responds to his or her name. Vocalize disappears when desired object is taken away. Begins to mimic sound. Cries on seeing strangers. Social development: Smiles to self in mirror. Differentiates strangers from family members.

16. 6 months Physical development: Weight gain 300- 400 gms / month during next 6 months . Length increases at the rate of 1.25 cm/month. Head circumference increases at the rate of 0.5- 1 cm/ month. Pulse rate is 120 ±20/min. Respiration is 31 ± 9 / min. Blood pressure is 90/60 ± 28/10 mmHg . Teeth eruption starts with lower two central incisors. Motor development: Gross motor development: Sits leaning forward on both the hands . Moves from place to place by rolling .

17. Conti... Fine motor : Can grasp at will. Drops one object when offered other . Begins to transfer objects from one hand to another. Bangs objects that held. Language development: Babbling . Vocalizes monosyllables. Recognizes familiar words Talks to own image in mirror. Social development: Recognizes parents . Extends arms to picked.

18. 7 months Physical development: Parachute reflex appears. Mashes food with jaws. Motor development: Gross motor : Lifts head as if trying to sit up when in supine position. Sustains all weight on feet when held in standing position . Early stepping movements. Fine motor : Holds 2 toys together. Transfer toys from 1 hand to another.

19. Conti. .. Sensory development: Has preference in taste for food. Depth perception is beginning to develop. Language development: Recognize own name . Responds to gestures. Vocalizes ‘baba ’ ‘dada’. Social development: Shows fears for strangers . Closes lips tightly when disliked food is offered.

20. 8 months Physical development: Begins to show patterns in bladder and bowl elimination . Eruption of upper central incisors. Motor development. Gross motor: Pulls to standing position with help. Raises self to sitting position. Palmar grasp disappears. Fine motor : Holds 2 objects while looking at third. Uses index finger and thumb like pincer Feeds self with fingers food . Drinks from cup with assistance .

21. Conti... Sensory development : Recognizes familiar words and sounds. Language : Begins to understand meaning of “No” . Continues syllable ‘dada’, ‘mama’ with specific meaning . Vocalizes to toys. Social development: Fear for strangers . Dislike dressing and diaper changing . Separation anxiety develops.

22. 9 months Physical development: Eruption of upper lateral incisors. Motor development: Gross motor : Sits down. Crawls and creeps . Holds own bottle . Fine motor: Rings bell. Holds bottle and places nipple in mouth if wants .

23. Conti.. Sensory development: Head turns directly to the source of noise . Recognizes by looking or moving towards familiar objects when named . Language development: Stops activity in response to “ no” . Social development: Dislike face wash. Cries when scolded. Wants to please the caregiver .

24. 10 months Physical development: Drooling stops . Macula is well developed and fine visual discrimination can be made . Motor development : Gross motor : Walking skill development continues . Creeps and cruises well. Does not want lie down unless sleepy. Making stepping movements forward when 2 hands are held . Fine motor : Fine grasp of tiny objects. Brings hand together and plays .

25. Conti... Sensory development : Tilts head backwards to see up. Localizes sound from above or below . Searches for lost toys. Language development: Says dada , mama with meaning . Comprehends “bye – bye” . Imitates sound of animals . Social development: Plays social games with adults .

26. 11 months Physical development: Sleeps 14-16 hrs / day and still naps. Motor development: Gross motor: Stands erect with minimum support. Walks holding furniture . Pushes toys . Fine motor : Explore objects carefully. Removes covers from boxes and toys out of boxes. Beginning to hold pen and marks on paper.

27. Conti…. Sensory development: Can follow rapidly moving objects. Language development: Responds to simple questions . Understands simple directions . Imitates specific sounds of other. Social development: Reacts to restriction with frustration. Enjoys playing with empty dish and spoon after meals .

28. 12 months Physical development: Weight becomes tripe of birth weight . Height is increased about 50% of birth. Head circumferences is about 46 cm , increased by 1/3 since birth. Chest circumference becomes equal to head circumferences . Pulse rate is 115 ± 20 per minute . Respiration is 30 ± 10 per minute . Blood pressure is 96/66 ± 30 / 24 mm Hg . Babinski reflex disappears. Landau reflex also disappears . Has 6-8 deciduous teeth.

29. Conti…. Motor development : Gross motor : Stands alone for variable length of time . Walks few steps with help or alone . Can sit down from standing position with help. Improved competence in motor skills through practice . Fine motor : Good pincer grasp. Picks up small bits of food and transfer to mouth . Enjoy eating with fingers. Can drink himself with cup. Tries to feed himself / herself with spoon but spills content. Releases one or more objects inside another object or container.

30. Conti... Sensory Development: Full binocular vision well- established . Follows fast moving objects with eyes . Language development: Has one words or a few in vocabulary. Comprehends ‘give’ and stops when told ‘no’ . Has receptive vocabulary of several words . Says 3-5 words besides dada , mama. Social development: Responds to request for affection such as kissing . Attachment developed to primary caregiver. Cooperates in dressing .

31. Psychosocial development ( 0-1 yr ) Trust v/s mistrust Psychosexual development (0-1yr ) Oral stage Intellectual development ( 0-1 yr ) Sensory motor development Moral development (0-2 yr ) Preconventional morality

32. Play materials : 4 weeks to 4months : bright and moving objects, hanging cradle toys, musical toys , balloons , rattles etc. 4- 6 months : soft squeeze toys, rattles , toy animals , balloons etc. 7- 9 months : squeeze and sounds toys , blocks, cubes , plastic ring and rattles . 10 – 12 months : motion toys , water play, blocks , dolls, ball, musical toys ,rocking horse wakers , pull and push objects.