Growth and development principles and factors affecting growth and development.

Growth and development principles and factors affecting growth and development.

1. Mr. Pratheesh P T Lecturer, chirayu college of Nursing, bhopal Subject: Child Health Nursing Topic- Principles and Factors affecting Growth and development

2. Objectives To learn what to expect from a particular child at a particular age. To assess the normal growth and development of children. To detect the deviations from normal growth and development. To ascertain the needs of the child according to the levels of growth and development.

3. Introduction The process of growth and development starts before the baby born, i.e. from the conception in the mother’s womb. The period extends throughout the lifecycle. But the principal changes occurs from the conception to the end of adolescence. Growth and development are closely interrelated. Each child has individualized pattern of growth and development. Promotion of child health and care of children depend upon understanding of growth and development.

4. Growth Normal growth from birth to adulthood is characterized by certain general observations that have been found to be true for all healthy children. It is the process of physical maturation resulting an increase in size of the body and various organs. It occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in intracellular substance. It is quantitative changes of the body which can be measured in inches/ centimeters and pounds/kilograms. It is progressive and measurable phenomenon.

5. Development Development refers to a gradual growth and change from a lower stage to a more advanced state of complexity. It is the increasing capacity of children to use their bodies. Growth and development are interrelated. They go band in hand: growth having to do with its function. The extent of development is the ultimate degree of achievement and depends on genetic inheritance, adequate nutrition, normal hormonal activity and a favorable emotional environment. It involves expansion of child capacities through growth maturation and progressive gain in functional ability.

6. Cont.. It is the process of functional and physiological maturation of the individual. It is progressive increase in skill and capacity to function. It is related to maturation and myelination of the nervous system. It includes psychological emotional and social changes. It is qualitative aspect of maturation and difficult to measure. It is orderly, not haphazard and having direct relation between each stage and the next.

7. Maturation Maturation is the total process by which a child grows and develops according to individual inherited patterns of physical mental and emotional potential. Maturity means full or compete growth. Physical maturity is normally complete by 20-15 years of age. It is generally expected that a certain level of emotional maturity will have been attained by the age of about 25 years.

8. Cont.. It is an increase in competence and change in behavior and ability to function at a higher level depending upon the genetic inheritance.

9. Principles of growth and developmennt Growth and development is continuous and orderly process with individual difference and is unique to each child. It proceeds by stage and its sequence is predictable same in all children but there may be difference in the time of achievement. There is co- ordinaion between increase in size and maturation

10. Cont.. They proceed in cephalocaudal (i.e. from the head down to the tail) and proximodistal (i.e. from the center or midline to the periphery) direction. Initial mass activities and movements are replaced by specific response or actions by the complex process of individualized changes.

11. Cont.. Rate of growth and development is interrelated and rapid in infancy and in puberty but slow in preschool and school age. Growth and development depends on combination of many interdependent factors especially by heredity and environment.

12. Stages of Growth and Development Child’s growth and development are commonly classified into seven stages based on a consideration of the physical emotional, intellectual and social maturity of the child.

13. Stages of Growth and Development Age Birth to 28 days Neonate 28 days to 1 year Infant 1-3 years Toddler 3-6 Years Preschooler 6-12 Years School Age 12-18 Years Adolescents 18 onwards Adulthood

14. Factors influencing Growth and Development Genetic Factors:- Different characteristics such as height, body structure, color of skin, eyes and hair, etc depend upon inherited gene from parents. Sex:- the sex of children influences their physical attributes birth, male babies are heavier and longer than female babies. Boys maintain this superiority until about 11 years of age. Girls mature earlier than boys and bone development is more advanced in girls. But mean height and weight are usually less in girls than boys at the full maturity.

15. Cont.. Race and Nationality:- Growth potential of different racial groups is different in varying extent. Physical characteristics of different national groups also vary. Height and stature of Americans and Indians are usually differ because of the differences in growth patterns.

16. Prenatal Factors Intrauterine environment is an important predominant factor of growth and development. Various conditions influence the fetal growth in utero . Maternal Malnutrition. Maternal Infections. Maternal Substance abuse. Maternal Illness.

17. Cont.. Hormones. Like thyroxin and insulin influence the fetal growth. Miscellaneous. Various parental conditions, which may also influence fetal growth include uterine malformations mal-positions of the fetus oligohydramnios , faulty placental implantation or malfunction, maternal emotion during pregnancy, inadequate prenatal care, etc.

18. Post Natal Factors Postnatal environment which influences growth and development are as follows: Growth Potential:- is indicated by child’s size at birth. The smaller the child at birth the smaller she / he is likely to be in subsequent years. Nutrition. Childhood Illness.

19. Cont.. Physical Environment: Housing, living conditions, safety and fresh air, hygiene, safe water supply, etc. Psychological Environment:- Healthy family, good parent child relationship and healthy interaction with other family members, neighbors, friends. Lack of love affection and security leads to emotional disturbance which hinders emotional maturity and personality development. Broken family, sibling jealousy and inappropriate school environment has poor effect on psychological development.

20. Cont.. Cultural Influences. Socioeconomic Status. Climate and Season:- Climatic variation and seasonal changes influence the child health. Play and exercise:- play and exercise promote physiological activity and stimulates muscular development. Birth order of the child:- the first born is usually intelligent achievement oriented.

21. Cont.. Intelligence:- Intelligence of the child influences mental and social development. Hormonal Influence:- Hormones are the important aspects of internal environment which have vital role in growth and development of the children. All hormones in the body affect growth in some manner.

22. Conclusion Growth is highly individual process, so also the comparison of a child with others and with the Childs own past growth is a valuable means of evaluating progress.

23. Summary Summary includes introduction, definition, principles and factors affecting growth and development.

24. BIBLIOGRAPHY Teacher reference Parul Datta . Pediatric Nursing. Third Edition. Jaypeebrothers Publications P.Ltd . New Delhi.2010 P.No 114-117 T.M Beevi Assuma , Concise Textbook of Paediatric Nursing, 2 nd edition, Elsevier Publications P. No 103-107 Student reference Parul Datta . Pediatric Nursing. Third Edition. Jaypeebrothers Publications P.Ltd . New Delhi.2010 P.No 114-117

25. THANK YOU