GSK-Reporting and Evaluating Research 2.0.pptx

SFHJFGHFHFGHDJGHFXHGH

1. Reporting and Evaluating Research Writing reports & research publications; Evaluation methodology p 1 Research methodology

2. Topics p 2 Research methodology

3. p 3 What is a Report A report is a written document on a particular topic, which conveys information and ideas and may also make recommendations. Report places the research study in the public domain for consideration and confirmation. Inaccurate, incomplete, poorly written , excessively long or structure less reports fail to achieve their purpose . Research methodology

4. Writing a research report A research report is a well crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation . It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the research process, and it is typically considered as an objective and accurate source of information. p 4 Research methodology

5. Purpose of Report writing p 5 The first step in writing any research report is to identify the intended readers . Because the organization, style, and even the mode of presentation depend on the target audience. Reports aimed at colleagues and intended for publication in scholarly and professional journals or for presentation at a convention.  Reports aimed at decision makers / management / government and intended for in-house use only. Research methodology

6. What is a Good Report p 6 All points should be clear to the intended reader. Should be concise with information and arranged logically under various headings and sub- headings. All information should be correct and supported by proper and enough number of evidences . All relevant material should be included in a complete report. For example data set, maps, appendices, graphs etc. Research methodology

7. Need of research report p 7 The research work must be communicable to the general public . It encourages to take up some problem for further investigation. It also suggest some new problems for further studies. It will provide a clear picture of research method, sample and techniques. A clear explanation of the researchers’ methods provides an opportunity for readers to completely understand the project. An accurate report provides the necessary information for those who wish to replicate the study . Enough information must be included to enable reproduction of the study. Research methodology

8. WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL p 8 All types of research reports are expected to follow a general uniform, common pattern of format, style and structure. As Psychologists we tend to adhere to some standards. Such standard conventions have been neatly outlined by publication manual of the American psychological association and have been universally accepted. The following format is the typical research format prepared according to the APAs public manual (1983). It is viewed in three major categories: A . Preliminaries B. Textual Body and C. References. Research methodology

9. p 9 Each category outlined as follows Major Parts Sections ( VIII) Preliminary Part I. Title page II. Abstract Main Body III. Introduction IV. Methodology V. Results VI. Discussion End Part VII. References VIII. Appendices Thus , APA Publication manual divides the format of writing research report into eight parts Research methodology

10. Preliminary section p 10 I. Title page : Title should be concise and indicate the purpose of the study. The best length of the title should be 12 to 15 words approximately. A study of …., An Investigation of …..Such phrases should be avoided. For ex ; “A study of unlearning, spontaneous recovery and partial reinforcement effects in paired associate and serial learning” shoud be avoided . The title should be “ Unlearning spontaneous recovery and partial reinforcement effects in paired associate and serial learning.” Research methodology

11. p 11 Authors Name should be centered below the title. Next line indicate the name of the institution to which author is affiliated. For ex ; Research methodology Preliminary section Contd..

12. Preliminary section Contd.. p 12 II. Abstract: The abstract is written on separate sheet and describes in about 100 t0 150 words. Abstract is the summary of the study. It includes problem of the study , method , research design , results and conclusions as well as implications. References must not be cited in abstract. Research methodology

13. Main Body p 13 III. Introduction: A good introduction has three components: The Researcher must give a clear and definitive statement of the problem . He must indicate why the problem is important in terms of theory / practice. Review of previous literature . He need to study logically the previous body of literature with the present study. Final component is Hypothesis . Every hypothesis is clearly stated so that it is clear how it would be scientifically tested. Variables properly defined. Research methodology

14. Main Body Contd.. p 14 IV. Methodology: The main purpose of this section is to tell the reader how the research was conducted. In general the following sub-sections are included in the method section. a. Subject : The population should be clearly specified , such as characteristics like , age , sex , geographical location , SES , race , institutional affiliation etc., The researcher should also state that the treatment given to subjects was in accordance with the ethical standards of APA. Research methodology

15. p 15 Research methodology b . Design: The type of RD should also be specified. IV and DV should be clerly mentioned and these variabes carefully be defined . c . Procedure: It describes the actual steps carried out in conducting the research. This includes the instruction given to the subjects , how IV was administered and DV was measured. Main Body Contd..

16. p 16 V. Results: This will provide sufficient information about how the conclusion was reached. The heart of this section is the presentation of data relevant to test the hypothesis. Results of statistical analysis carried should be provided and the level of significance for these statistical analysis should also be presented. Research methodology Main Body Contd..

17. p 17 VI. Disusssion : This is the final section of the main body. The major function of this section is to interpret the results of the study including the hypothesis supported or not supported are discussed. A brief disucussion of the limitations of the present study and proposal for future research is appropriately discussed here. The researcher finally includes conclusions that reflect whether the original problem is better resolved as a result of the investigation. Research methodology Main Body Contd..

18. End Part p 18 VII. References: . Research methodology

19. End Part Contd.. p 19 VIII. Appendix: In an Appendix those items of the information are provided that would be inappropriate or too long . Each appendix appears as a new page with the label ‘Appendix’ along with the identifying letter, centred . Research methodology

20. p 20 TITLE PAGE Title of project, Sub–title, Date , Author, Organization, Logo BACKGROUND History ( if any) behind the project ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Author thanks people and organization. In articles it comes in last. SUMMARY / ABSTRACT A condensed version of a report – outlines salient points, emphasizes main conclusions , recommendations. LIST OF CONTENTS List that tells the reader what is in the report and what page number(s) to find it on. LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES As above, specifically for tables and figures. LIST OF APPENDICES As above, specifically for appendices. INTRODUCTION Author sets the scene and states his/ her intentions. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIMS – general aims of the audit/ project, broad statement of intent. OBJECTIVES – specific things expected to do/ deliver(e.g. expected outcomes) Structure of a Report (In the Beginning )

21. p 21 LITERATURE REVIEW Include the work of previous researchers and investigating historical background and development of the proposed research work. METHOD & MATERIALS Work steps; what was done – how, by whom, when ? What material, tools, software etc is used. RESULT / FINDINGS Honest presentation of the findings, whether these were as expected or not. Give the facts, including any inconsistencies or difficulties encountered Structure of a Report (In the Middle )

22. p 22 DISCUSSION Explanation of the results. CONCLUSIONS The author links the results/ findings with the points made in the introduction and strives to reach clear, simply stated and unbiased conclusions. RECOMMENDATIONS The author states what specific actions should be taken, by whom and why. They must always be linked to the future and should always be realistic. Don’t make them unless asked to. REFERENCES A section of a report, which provides full details of publications mentioned in the text, or from which extracts have been quoted. Structure of a Report (In the End )

23. p 23 The word Evaluation has its origin in the latin “ valour ” meaning “to be strong”. Definition : The process of evaluation is essentially determining to what extent the objectives are actually realized – Tyler (1950) Evaluation is a process of systematically drawing up on experience as a measure of making future efforts more effective – Beaglehold (1955) Evaluation is the process of determining the extent to which objectives have been attained in evaluation – Thiede (1964) Research methodology EVALUATION

24. Purpose of Evaluation p 24 To Study the impact or effectiveness of the programme in achieving its objective. B) To provide the feedback of relevant important information to the agencies concerned in order to attain higher standards of excellence EVALUATION Impact Aspect Feedback Aspect (To study the effectiveness) (Intended for improvement) Research methodology

25. Types of Evaluation p 25 Concurrent Evaluation : Example - Assessment of the effectiveness of a program implementing sustainable farming practices in a particular region. The evaluation could be conducted throughout the duration of the program to provide ongoing feedback to program managers. b) Periodic Evaluation Example - M onitoring the growth of crops at regular intervals to detect any pests or diseases and take appropriate action to control them. c) Terminal Evaluation Example – Evaluation of final report of the students of RAWEP programme . Research methodology

26. p 26 Here are some important factors to evaluate : 1. Research question and objectives : Assess the clarity and relevance of the research question or objective. Is it well-defined and aligned with the broader research context? Does it address a significant gap in knowledge or provide a novel perspective? 2. Methodology and design : Evaluate the appropriateness and rigor of the research methodology and design. Assess whether the methodology adequately addresses the research question and whether alternative approaches could have been more suitable . Research methodology EVALUATING A RESEARCH REPORT

27. p 27 3. Data collection and analysis : Examine the methods used to collect and analyze data. Evaluate the reliability and validity of the data collection instruments, the procedures followed, and the quality of the data obtained. 4. Results and findings : Evaluate the presentation and interpretation of the results. 5. Discussion and conclusions : Examine the discussion section and the conclusions drawn from the findings. Are the implications of the results adequately discussed? Are the conclusions supported by the evidence presented? Research methodology EVALUATING A RESEARCH REPORT

28. p 28 6. Citations and references: Check the accuracy and completeness of the citations and references & in accordance with the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA ). 7. Overall impact and significance: Consider the overall impact and significance of the research. Assess its potential to advance knowledge , influence practice or policy, or contribute to the field in meaningful ways . It is important to approach the evaluation process objectively, considering the strengths, weaknesses and potential areas for improvement in the research , which help the researcher in conducting and preparing a good report. Research methodology EVALUATING A RESEARCH REPORT

29. Conclusion Reporting and evaluating research is crucial for the progress of the agricultural industry in India . By systematically documenting research methods, findings, and conclusions, researchers can disseminate information to stakeholders in a transparent and systematic manner. It enables researchers to validate their findings, ensure that their results are replicable, and allows for further refinement in the search for solutions to agricultural challenges. Evaluating research is also essential to ensure that it fulfills its intended purpose, meets the expectations of stakeholders, produces meaningful and actionable insights, and leads to positive and sustainable outcomes. Therefore , effective reporting and evaluation of research play a critical role in addressing challenges in agriculture, improving sustainability and resilience, and contributing to the overall growth of the Indian economy. p 29 Research methodology

30. References p 30 Annan, D. (2019). A simple guide to research writing . May , 1–91 . Admin . (2019). Unit 4 Evaluating Research Reports. Paaa , 1 (1), 121–145. https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/41963/1/Unit-4.pdf Busse , C., & August, E. (2021). How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal. Journal of Cancer Education , 36 (5), 909–913. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01751-z Los, U. M. D. E. C. D. E. ( n.d. ). No Title . PART ONE : Principles of Test Construction ONE : Principles . ( n.d. ). 777 ( vill ). Thomas, D. (2010). Chapter 13 Writing a Research Report Chapter 13 Writing a Research Report: Organisation and presentation . 5–6. researchgate.net/publication/323184884_Chapter13 Yossa , R. (2021). Writing a Research Report. A Pocket Guide to Scientific Writing in Aquaculture Research , September , 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429322648-8 Research methodology

31. Thank You p 31 Research methodology Submitted to, Dr. V. Ravinder Naik Professor , Department of Agricultural Extension , COA,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad . Submitted by, G.Santhosh Kumar M.Sc (Ag) 1 st Year Department of Agricultural Extension College of Agriculture , Rajendranagar .