Gsp - 1 bauddhism in english

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1. WELCOME TO PRESENTED BY :- SIDDHARTH VAIRAGI

2. TOPIC :- Buddhism

3. Gautama Buddha , foudner of Buddhism , was born in 563BC (widely accepted), on the vaisakha purnima day at Lumbinivana (Rummindehi District , Nepal)in the Sakya Kshatriya clan. His father Suddhodhana was the republican king of Kapilvastu and mother Mahamaya was a princess of Kollia republic. After his mother's early death , he was brought up by his step mother and aunt Mahaprajapati Gautami .

4. Four sights-an old man , a diseased person , a dead body and an ascetic-proved to be a turning point in his carrier. At the age of 29, he renounced home, this was his Mahabhinishkramana (great going forth) and become a wandering ascetic. His first teacher was Alara kalama (Sankhya philosopher) from whom he learnt the technique of meditation.

5. At the age of 35, under a pipal tree at Uruvella (Bodh Gaya) on the bank of river Niranjana (modern name Falgu) he attained Nirvana (enlightenment) after 49 day of continuous meditation; now he was a fully enlightened (Buddha or Tathagat). Buddha delivered his first sermon at Sarnath (Dear park) to his five disciples, this is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana (Turning of the wheel of law).

6. His next teacher was Udraka Ramputra . He died at the age of 80 in 483 BC at Kushinagar (identical with the village kasia in kushinagar district of U.P). This is known as Mahaparinirvana (Final Blowing out). Kanthaka - Buddha's horse , Channa - Buddha's charioteer , Devadatta - Buddha's cousin , Sujata - the farmer's daughter ho gave him rice milk at Bodh Gaya and Other name of Buddha - Gautama(Clan name) , Siddharta (Childhood name) , Shakya Muni.

7. Doctrine of Buddhism : Chatwari Arya Satyani (Four Noble Truths) it is the essence of Buddhism. Life is full of sorrow (Dukha) : Sabbam Dukkam. There are causes of sorrow (Dukha Samudaya) : Dwadash Nidan / Pratitya Samutpada. This sorrow can be stopped (Dukha Nirodha) : Nirvana. There is a path leading to the cessation of sorrow (Dukka Nirodha Gamini Pratipada) : Ashtangika Marga.

8. Note:- Pratity samutapada is also known as Hetuvada (theory of cause-effect) and kshanabhanga Vada (theory of momentariness / impermanence). Desire is root cause of sorrow. The ultimate aim of life is to attain nirvana , the eternal state of peace and bliss, which means liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

9. Ashtangik marga (Eight fold path) are: right observation, right determination, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right exercise, right memory and right meditation. Madhya Marga / Madhyama Pratipada (the middle path) - Man should avoid both extremes, i.e. a life of comforts and luxury, and a life of severe asceticism.

10. Buddhist Literature 1. Pali texts Tripitaka: Pitaka literally means 'basket' and was called so , because the original texts were written on palm-leaves and kept in baskets. Vinay Pitaka - monastic code, Sutta Pitaka - Buddha's sayings,

11. Abhidhamma Pitaka - religious discourses of Buddha(Abhidhamma Pitaka comprises of dighgha Nikaya Majhim Nikaya,Sanyukta Nikaya, Anguttar Nikaya and Kuddak/Kshudraka Nikaya). Milindapanho (i.e. Question of Milinda) - a dialouge between Milinda (identical with Indo - Greek ruler Menander ) and Buddhist saint Nagasena .

12. 2. Sanskrit Texts Buddha charita , Saundarananda , Sariputra Prakaran and Vajra Suchi - Ashwagosha ; Mahavibhasha Shastra - Vasumitra ; Visudhamagga , Attakathayen and Sumangalvasini - Bhuddhagosha ; Madhyamika Karika and Prajnaparimita Karika - Nagarjuna etc.

13. Sects of buddhism Hinayana(i.e. Lesser Vehicle): Its follower believed in the original teaching of Buddha. They sought individual salvation through self-discipline and meditation. They did not believe in idol-worship. They followed Pali language. It is known as 'Southern Buddhist Religion', because it prevailed in the South of India ,e.g. Sri Lanka, Burma (Myanmar), Syam(Thailand), Java etc.

14. There were two subsets of Hinayana - Vaibhasika and Sautantrika Mahayana(i.e. the Greater Vehicle): Its followers believed in the heavenliness of Buddha. They sought of all salvation of all through the grace and help of Buddha and Bodhisatva. They believed in idol-worship. They favoured Sanskrit language. It is known as 'Norther Buddhist Religion', because it prevailed in the North of India, e.g. China, Korea, Japan etc.

15. There were two subject of Mahayana-Madhyamika/Sunyavada (founder Nagarjuna) and Yogachar/Vijnanavada (founder - Maitreyanath and disciple Asanga). Vajrayana: Its follower believed that salvation be best attained by acquiring the magical power , which they called Vajra. The chief divinities of this news sect were the Taras . It became popular in Eastern India , particularly Bengal and Bihar.

16. Bodhisattvas Vajrapani: like Indra, he holds a thunderbolt, foe of sin and evil. Avlokitesvara (the lord who looks down) also called Padmapani (the lotus bearer) : kind - hearted. Manjushri (Stimulator of understanding) : He holds book describing 10 paramitas (spiritual perfections). Maitreya : The future Buddha. Kshitigriha: guardian of purgatories. Amitabha/Amitayusha: Buddha of heaven.

17. Sacred Shrines Lumbini , Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kusinagar , where the four principal events of Buddha's life, namely Birth, Enlightenment, First Sermon and, Death took place. To these are added four place Sravasti, Rajgriha, Vaishali and Sankasya-these eight place have all along been considered as the eight holy place (Ashtasthanas).

18. Other centres of Buddhism in Ancient India- Amaravati and Nagarjunikonda in Andhra Pradesh; Nalanda in Bihar; Junagadh and Vallabhai in Gujarat; Sanchi and Bharhut in M.P.; Ajanta-Ellora in Maharashtra; Dhaulagiri in Orissa; Kannauj, kaushambhi and Mathura in U.P.; and Jagadala and Somapuri in West Bengal. Buddhist architecture was developed in three forms: Stupa - relics of Buddha or some prominent Buddhist monks are preserved. Chaitya - prayer hall Vihara - residence/monasteries

19. Royal Patrons: Bimbisara and Ajatashatru (Magadhan ruler), Prasenjit (Kosala ruler), Udayana (Vatsa ruler), Pradyota (Avanti ruler), Dasharatha (Mauryan ruler), Milinda/Menander (Indo-Greek ruler), Kanishka (Kushana ruler), Harshavardhana (Vardhana ruler); Gopala, Dharmapala & Rampala (Pala rulers).

20. Note: Ashoka, the greatest patron of Buddhism, called 3rd Buddhist council and sent mission, comprising of his son Mahendra and his daughter Sanghamitra to SriLanka. Kanishka called 4th Buddhist council and sent mission China, Korea and Japan. Palas of Bengal and Bihar were last great patrons of Buddhism.

21. Buddhist Council Year Venue Chairman Patron Result 1 st Buddhist Council 483BC Saptaparni Cave, Rajgriha Mahakassapa Ajatashatru (Harayanka Dynasty) Compilation of sutta-pitaka and Vinaya Pitaka by Ananda and upali respectively 2 nd Buddhist Council 383BC Chullavanga Vaishali Sabbakami Kalashoka (Shisunaga Dynasty) The monks of Vaishali wanted some change in rites. Schism into Sthavira- vadins and Mahasanghikas 3 rd Buddhist Council 250BC Ashokarama Vihar, Patliputra Mogaliputta Tissa Ashoka (Maurya Dynasty) Compilation of Abhidhamma Pitaka Decision to Send missionaries to the world

22. Buddhist Council Year Venue Chairman Patron Result 4 th Buddhist Council 98AD Kundala Vana, Kashmir Chairman vasumitra vice chairman- ashvaghosa Kanishka (kushana dynasty) Compitaion of mahavibha sha shastra (sabskrti comment on tripitaka) The division of Buddhists into Hinayanists and Mahayanista Great Events Of Buddha’s Life Symbols Janma (Birth) Lotus and Bull Mahabhinishkramana (Renunciation) Horse Nirvana/Sambodhi (Enlightenment) Bodhi Tree Dharmachakra Paravartana (First Sermon) Wheel Mahaparinirvana (Death) Stupa

23. Buddhist Universities Place Founder Nalanda Badagaon, Bihar Kumargupta 1 st (Gupta Ruler) Odantpuri Biharsharif, Bihar Gopala (Pala Ruler) Vikramshila Bhagalpur, Bihar Dharmapala (Pala Ruler) Somepuri North Bengal Dharmapala (Pala Ruler) Jagadal Bengal Rampala (Pala Ruler) Vallabhi Gujrat Bhattarka (Paitrak Ruler)

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