Guillain_Barre_Syndrome_Presentation.pptx

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1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) Detailed Overview Presentation

2. Introduction Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is an acute, immune-mediated polyneuropathy. It is characterized by rapid-onset muscle weakness and can progress to paralysis.

3. Epidemiology • Incidence: 1–2 cases per 100,000 annually • Affects all ages, but slightly higher in adults • More common in males than females

4. Etiology & Risk Factors • Often follows infections such as Campylobacter jejuni, CMV, EBV, influenza • Molecular mimicry between microbial antigens and nerve gangliosides • Vaccinations and surgery are rare triggers

5. Pathophysiology • Autoimmune response damages peripheral nerves • Antibodies target gangliosides on myelin/axons • Results in demyelination or axonal degeneration • Leads to impaired nerve conduction and weakness

6. Clinical Features • Symmetrical ascending weakness • Loss of reflexes (areflexia) • Sensory symptoms: paresthesia, pain • Cranial nerve involvement (facial weakness) • Autonomic dysfunction: arrhythmias, blood pressure instability

7. Diagnosis • Clinical history and examination • Nerve conduction studies: demyelination/axonal damage • CSF analysis: albuminocytologic dissociation (↑ protein, normal WBC) • MRI to exclude other causes

8. Variants • AIDP (Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy): most common in Europe/USA • AMAN (Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy): common in Asia/Latin America • AMSAN (Acute Motor-Sensory Axonal Neuropathy) • Miller Fisher Syndrome (ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia)

9. Treatment • Hospitalization and supportive care • IV immunoglobulin (IVIG) or Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis) • Monitoring of respiratory function (risk of respiratory failure) • Pain management and prevention of complications

10. Physiotherapy & Rehabilitation • Early physiotherapy to maintain joint mobility • Passive/active-assisted exercises • Strengthening exercises as recovery progresses • Gait training, balance activities, endurance training • Long-term rehab for residual weakness/fatigue

11. Prognosis • Most patients recover within 6–12 months • 20–30% may have persistent neurological deficits • Mortality: 3–7% (usually due to respiratory or autonomic complications)

12. References 1. Willison HJ, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet. 2016. 2. Van den Berg B, Walgaard C, Drenthen J, Fokke C, Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barré syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014. 3. Sejvar JJ, Baughman AL, Wise M, Morgan OW. Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroepidemiology. 2011.