H,H0RMONS.ppt by Sadia AHMAD MSPN RN RM

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1. HORMONES SADIA AHMAD RN ,SPECILIZED IN MHN MSN

2. introduction to Hormones Definition: Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands that regulate physiological functions by traveling through the bloodstream to target organs or tissues . Importance: They are vital for maintaining homeostasis, regulating growth, metabolism, mood, reproduction, and other essential bodily functions.

3. Examples of Glands: Pituitary Gland: Controls other endocrine glands and influences growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Thyroid Gland: Regulates metabolism and growth. Adrenal Glands: Produce hormones for stress response and electrolyte balance. Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. Gonads (Testes and Ovaries): Produce sex hormones for sexual development and reproduction.

4. Types of Hormones Peptide Hormones: Derived from chains of amino acids . Functions: regulate growth, metabolism, and reproductive processes . Examples: Insulin (regulates blood sugar levels), Growth Hormone (stimulates growth and cell reproduction), Oxytocin (facilitates childbirth and breastfeeding), Antidiuretic Hormone (regulates water balance). Steroid Hormones: Derived from cholesterol Functions: regulate metabolism, immune response, and reproductive functions. Examples: Cortisol (regulates metabolism and stress response), Estrogen (regulates female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics), Testosterone (regulates male reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics), Aldosterone (regulates electrolyte balance).

5. Amino Acid-Derived Hormones: Derived from single amino acids or modified amino acids. Examples: thyroid hormones (derived from tyrosine). Functions: regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development. Examples: Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4, regulate metabolic rate), Epinephrine (adrenaline, mediates fight-or-flight response), Norepinephrine (noradrenaline, regulates heart rate and blood pressure).

6. Hormone Regulation Feedback Mechanisms: Negative Feedback: Hormone secretion is regulated by its own effects to maintain stable levels (e.g., thyroid hormones). Positive Feedback: Hormone secretion is amplified by its own effects, leading to increased levels (e.g., oxytocin during childbirth).

7. Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis: Hypothalamus : Monitors internal environment and secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones. Pituitary Gland: Produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands (anterior pituitary) or release stored hormones (posterior pituitary). Axis Function : Coordinates hormone release to maintain physiological balance and respond to body needs.

8. Major Hormones and Functions Insulin and Glucagon (Pancreas): Insulin: Regulates blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells and storage as glycogen in the liver. Glucagon: Increases blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver.

9. Thyroid Hormones (Thyroid Gland): Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3): Regulate metabolic rate, growth, and development by affecting almost every cell in the body. Cortisol (Adrenal Gland): Helps regulate metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Increases blood glucose levels, suppresses the immune system, and aids in fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism.

10. Testosterone and Estrogen (Gonads): Testosterone : Promotes development of male secondary sexual characteristics, regulates reproductive function, and contributes to muscle and bone health. Estrogen: Promotes development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy, and supports bone health.

11. Functions and Effects on the Body: Insulin and Glucagon: Maintain blood glucose levels essential for energy production. Thyroid Hormones: Regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Cortisol: Modulates stress response, metabolism, and immune function. Testosterone and Estrogen: Influence reproductive function, secondary sexual characteristics, and overall health.

12. Hormones in Reproduction: Role of Hormones in Reproductive Processes: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ( GnRH ): Secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): Stimulates follicle development in the ovaries (females) and sperm production in the testes (males). Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males.

13. Menstrual Cycle Regulation: Estrogen and Progesterone: Produced by the ovaries, regulate the menstrual cycle. Follicular Phase: FSH stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production, leading to thickening of the uterine lining. Luteal Phase: LH surge triggers ovulation, and progesterone maintains the uterine lining for potential implantation.

14. Pregnancy Hormones : Progesterone : Prepares the uterus for implantation and maintains pregnancy by preventing uterine contractions. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin ( hCG ): Produced by the placenta, supports pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to produce progesterone until the placenta takes over.

15. Hormones and Stress Response Role of Cortisol: Cortisol: Secreted by the adrenal glands in response to stress, cortisol helps the body cope with and respond to stressors. Functions: Increases blood sugar levels, suppresses the immune system, and aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Long-term effects: Prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol can have negative effects on health, including immune suppression and metabolic disturbances.

16. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline (Fight-or-Flight Response): Adrenaline and Noradrenaline (Fight-or-Flight Response): Adrenaline (Epinephrine) and Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine): Secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress or danger. Functions: Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Redirect blood flow to essential organs and muscles, preparing the body for immediate action. Short-term effects: Enhance alertness, focus, and physical readiness to respond to a perceived threat or stressor.

17. Disorders Related to Hormones Diabetes Mellitus (Insulin-related): Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance, where cells fail to respond to insulin properly, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Impact: Both types result in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) and can lead to complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system.

18. Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism: Hypothyroidism : Thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), resulting in a slower metabolism. Symptoms: Fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and depression. Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, accelerating metabolism. Symptoms: Weight loss, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, and nervousness. Impact: Both disorders can disrupt metabolic function and affect various bodily systems.

19. Addison's Disease and Cushing's Syndrome (Adrenal Disorders): Addison's Disease: Adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. Symptoms: Fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances. Cushing's Syndrome: Overproduction of cortisol, often due to prolonged use of corticosteroid medications or adrenal tumors. Symptoms: Weight gain (especially around the face and abdomen), high blood pressure, and muscle weakness. Impact: These disorders affect hormone balance, metabolism, and stress response.

20. Conclusion: In summary, hormones play pivotal roles in regulating essential bodily functions, maintaining homeostasis, and supporting overall health. Key points include: Hormones act as chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands to regulate metabolism, growth, stress response, and reproductive processes. Hormone balance is critical for optimal health, influencing energy metabolism, immune function, mood regulation, and cardiovascular health. Common hormonal disorders such as diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, and adrenal disorders can disrupt hormone balance and lead to significant health complications. Maintaining hormone balance through healthy lifestyle habits, medical treatments, and regular monitoring is crucial for preventing and managing hormonal disorders. Importance of Hormone Balance for Overall Health: Achieving and maintaining hormone balance is essential for: Metabolic Regulation: Ensuring proper energy metabolism and blood sugar control. Reproductive Health: Supporting fertility and reproductive processes. Emotional Well-being: Influencing mood, stress response, and cognitive function. Physical Health: Supporting bone health, cardiovascular function, and immune response.