Hans eysenck

HENS EYSENCK NEUROTICISM

1. PRESENTATION BY MOMNA MUGHAL

2. Hans Eysenck (4 March 1916) Berlin ,  German Empire

3. Eysenck's P-N-E Model of Personality T he PEN model is a biological theory of personality developed by influential psychologist Hans Eysenck (1916-1997). The model focusses on three broad personality factors :   Psychoticism Neuroticism   Extraversion 

4. NEUROTICISM Neuroticism is the tendency to feel dissatisfied, angry, frustrated, jealous with other people when their expectations are not met. They become neurotic.

5. EXAMPLE You are neurotic when everyone around you who knows the situation tells you there is nothing to worry about ,yet you still worry and latter realized their is really nothing to worry about. Your first day of school ,you come late to class and are terrified about every one staring at you. the reality is no one cares that you were late, and the only people staring at you are those that find you attractive.

6. SECOND FACTOR The second super factor extracted by Eysenck is neuroticism/stability (N). Factor N has a strong hereditary component. Eysenck (1967) reported several studies that have found evidence of a genetic basis for such neurotic traits as anxiety, hysteria, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. In addition, he found a much greater agreement among identical twins than among fraternal twins on a number of antisocial and asocial behaviours such as adult crime, childhood behaviour disorders and alcoholism ( Eysenck , 1964).

7. DIATHESIS MODLE DIATHESIS Is a tendency to suffer from a particular medical condition. Eysenck accepted the diathesis-stress model of psychiatric illness, which suggests that some people are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness. This predisposition (diathesis) may interact with stress to produce a neurotic disorder.

8. SYMPTOMS HIGH SCORE NEUROTICISM People who score high on neuroticism often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and to have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal. P hysical symptoms Headache Backache P sychological problems W orries Anxieties.

9. LOW SCORE NEUROTICISM A person with a low neuroticism score will generally experience more emotional stability. They feel more able to cope with stressful events Individuals with a low level of neuroticism are more tolerant of the failings of others remain more calm in demanding situations

10. COMPARISON High Scores Low Scores An xious ` Calm T emperamental Even tempered S elf-pitying Self satistied S elf-conscious Confortable E motional vulnerable Unemotional

11. MODLE

12. ANXIOUS Feeling or showing worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome . An example of someone who may feel anxiety is a person suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

13. DEPRESSED Person in a state of unhappiness or despondency. An example of depression is when you feel sad all the time . An example of depression is when you feel sad all the time.

14. LOW SELF ESTEEM People with  low self - esteem  are more troubled by failure and tend to exaggerate events as being negative. For   example , they often interpret non critical comments as critical. They are more likely to experience social anxiety and  low  levels of interpersonal confidence.

15. GUILT Guilt is a feeling that you have done something wrong or bad or let someone down, or the state of having broken a law. When you feel bad about lying to your parents or teacher, this is an example of a time when you feel guilt. When you are arrested and you are sent to prison after a trial, this is an example of a time when a prosecutor has proved your guilt.

16. TENSE T ense is a state where your muscles are tight, or where you are filled with nervousness and anxiety. An example of tense is the way to describe a student just before he takes a big and important test.

17. COPING STRATEGIES 1. Identify your emotions . For example, if you’re feeling sad, acknowledge that you feel sad. Notice what sadness feels like in your body and how it affects your thoughts and behaviors . Try to be aware of your feelings and notice any triggers you are exposed to that increase your anxiety, depression or stress.

18. 2. Express your feelings Express your emotions  when you feel them. Some people find talking about the way they feel helpful. Others enjoy writing, listening to or playing music, dancing, or biking helpful. The important thing is to let your feelings out, not bottle them up, as bottled emotions can hurt relationships and hurt you. If talking about your feelings helps, confide in a good friend or see a therapist .

19. 3. Label your insecurities   Neuroticism can show up in your habits, emotions, relationships, beliefs, and defenses . It can show up as being suppressed (like stuffing your feelings or avoiding things) or overly expressed (like lashing out or over-reacting). You will likely respond in a neurotic way when you feel threatened or insecure. Start to notice when you experience these feelings and how you respond to them. For example, you might become overly anxious if someone is running late and start calling them incessantly or wonder if they’re blowing you off

20. 4. Challenge negative thoughts  If you tend to think about negative events, situations, or characteristics, change your self-talk. The way you talk to yourself can influence how you see the world and the problem is, you often perceive your self-talk as true. If you find yourself caught in negative thinking, ask yourself some question: Am I jumping to negative conclusions? Are these thoughts true? Are there other ways to look at the situation? How would a positive person approach this situation? What’s the best that could happen?

21. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF NEUROTICISM Biological factors Differences in the visceral brain (VB) activation/ arousal  - VB includes limbic system and hypothalamus  - Amydala - emotion, fear arousal  - Low 'VB' means low visceral brain activation (i.e. it takes a lot of stimulation to get the limbic system-- in particular amydala firing away-- such individuals would have greater emotional stability and hence, a lower level of neuroticism  

22. F actors High A-RAS Introvert Low A-R Extravert High VB Neurotic / emotional Low VB Emotional stability High A-RAS, High VB Neurotic introvert High A-RAS, Low VB Emotionally stable introvert Low A-RAS, High VB Neurotic extravert Low A-RAS, Low VB Emotionally stable extravert

23. CAUSES A specific human gene and its corresponding alleles (two components of a gene which are responsible for encoding the gene) were linked to neuroticism. The identified gene and its allele pair help to control the amount of  serotonin  (a  central nervous system neuro -transmitter ) released into the body through the production of a protein known as a transporter. This transporter protein, which helps to carry the serotonin across the synaptic space (the gap between  nerve cells ) to stimulate nerve cells, also assists the cell in reabsorbing the serotonin (a process known as "reuptake "). If the amount of transporter protein produced is inadequate, an excessive amount of serotonin must remain in the synaptic gap while the protein "catches up" with reuptake, and the serotonin will continue to stimulate surrounding nerve cells, resulting in neurosis or neurotic symptoms.

24. CAUSES Caused by an unpleasant past experience – according to Sigmund Freud (1956-1939), a famous Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis, neurosis as an ineffectual coping strategy caused by emotions from past experience which overwhelm or interfere with current experience. He once gave, as an example, an overwhelming fear of dogs, which may have resulted from a dog-attack earlier in life. Conflict between two psychic events – believed that neurosis is the result of a conflict between two psychic contents; a conscious and unconscious content.

25. TREATMENT Neurosis should be treated by a Counsellor Therapist Psychologist Psychiatrist Treatment for a neurotic disorder depends on the presenting symptoms T he level of discomfort they are causing the patient. Other Modes of treatment include   Drugs and relaxation exercises . Psychotherapy creative therapies (e.g., art or  music therapy ),

26. ANY QUESTIONS