head & neck main ppt spotters needed for 1st year bds

Anatomy spotters

1. SPOTTERS- HEAD & NECK

2. SPOTTER H&N-1 Identify the pinned area. Give its parts. What does it connect? Give its function.

3. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-1 Auditory tube Bony part and cartilagenous part It connects middle ear with lateral wall of nasopharynx Function: It maintains equal air pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane

4. SPOTTER H&N-2 Identify the pinned structure. Which structure forms it?

5. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-2 Bulla ethmoidalis It is formed by middle ethmoidal air sinuses.

6. SPOTTER H&N-3 Identify the pinned structure. What type of cartilage is present in it?

7. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-3 Epiglottis It is made up of elastic cartilage

8. SPOTTER H&N-4 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Give its branches in the face.

9. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-4 Facial artery It is a branch from external carotid artery in the carotid triangle above the level of greater cornua of hyoid bone Branches in the face 1. Inferior labial artery 2. Superior labial artery 3. Lateral nasal artery

10. SPOTTER H&N-5 Identify the pinned structure. Give its formation.

11. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-5 Hard palate Formation Anterior 2/3 rd formed by palatine process of maxilla Posterior 1/3 rd formed by horizontal plate of palatine bone

12. SPOTTER H&N-6 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Name its branches. Give its clinical importance.

13. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-6 Inferior alveolar nerve It is a branch from posterior division of mandibular nerve Branches 1. Nerve to Myelohyoid - supplies myelohyoid and anterior belly of digastric 2. Branches to lower teeth and gums 3. Mental nerve- supplies chin and skin of lower lip, its incisive branch supplies canine and incisor teeth D. Clinical importance – Inferior alveolar nerve block

14. SPOTTER H&N-7 Identify the pinned area. Which structure opens into it?

15. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-7 Inferior meatus Structure opening into it: Nasolacrimal duct

16. SPOTTER H&N-8 Identify the pinned area. Give its nerve supply. Give its blood supply

17. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-8 Infraglottic part of larynx Nerve supply- Recurrent laryngeal nerve – branch of vagus nerve Blood supply Arterial supply- Inferior laryngeal branch of inferior thyroid artery Venous drainage – Inferior laryngeal vein drains into inferior thyroid vein

18. SPOTTER H&N-9 * Identify the * . Give its boundaries.

19. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-9 Inlet of larynx Boundaries Anterior- epiglottis Posterior- Interarytenoid fold of mucous membrane On each side – aryepiglottic fold

20. SPOTTER H&N-10 * Identify the * . Give its origin and insertion. Give its nerve supply and action.

21. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-10 Lateral pterygoid Origin: Upper head- infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid Lower head- lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion- Pterygoid fovea in the neck of mandible C. Nerve supply- Anterior division of mandibular nerve Action- 1. depression of mandible 2. Protrusion of mandible

22. SPOTTER H&N-11 Identify the pinned structure Give its origin and insertion. Give its nerve supply and action.

23. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-11 Masseter Origin: Superficial- From lower border of zygomatic arch Deep- From deep surface of zygomatic arch Insertion- Lateral surface of ramus of mandible C. Nerve supply- Masseteric nerve from Anterior division of mandibular nerve Action- Elevation of mandible

24. SPOTTER H&N-12 Identify the tied structure What is it a branch of and which muscle divides it? Give its parts. Name its branches.

25. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-12 Maxillary artery It is a terminal branch of external carotid artery and lateral pterygoid divides the artery into three parts Parts 1. First or mandibular part 2. Second or pterygoid part 3. Third or pterygopalatine part D. Branches First part 1. Deep auricular 2.Anterior tympanic 3. Middle Meningeal 4.Accessory Meningeal 5. Inferior alveolar arteries Second part 1. Masseteric 2. Deep Temporal 3. Pterygoid 4. Buccal arteries Third part 1. Posterior superior alveolar 2. Infraorbital 3. Greater palatine 4. Pharyngeal 5. Artery of pterygoid canal 6.Sphenopalatine arteries

26. SPOTTER H&N-13 * Identify the * . Give its origin and insertion. Give its nerve supply and action.

27. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-13 Medial pterygoid Origin: Superficial head- Tuberosity of maxilla Deep head- medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion- Medial surface of ramus of mandible C. Nerve supply – Nerve to medial pterygoid Action- Elevation of mandible, Protrusion of mandible

28. SPOTTER H&N-14 Identify the pinned structure. Mention its formation. Give its applied anatomy

29. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-14 Nasal septum Formation: 1. Vomer bone 2.Perpendicular plate of ethmoid 3.septal cartilage 4. Septal process of inferior nasal cartilage Applied anatomy 1. Deviated nasal septum 2. Antero inferior quadrant of nasal septum common site for epistaxis (Little’s Area)

30. SPOTTER H&N-15 Identify the tied structure. B. Name the structures pierced by it. C. Where does it open?

31. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-15 Parotid duct Structures pierced by it: 1. Buccal pad of fat 2. Buccopharyngeal fascia 3. Buccinator muscle C. It opens into the vestibule of mouth opposite upper second molar tooth.

32. SPOTTER H&N-16 Identify the pinned structure. Give its secretomotor pathway. Mention its applied anatomy.

33. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-16 Parotid gland Secretomotor pathway Inferior salivatory nucleus – glossopharyngeal nerve- Tympanic branch- Tympanic plexus – lesser petrosal nerve- relay in otic ganglion-Post ganglionic fibres through auriculotemporal nerve – parotid gland C. Applied Anatomy- 1. Parotid tumours 2. Parotid abscess 3. Mumps 4. Freys syndrome

34. SPOTTER H&N-17 Identify the pinned area. Mention its boundaries. Give its content. Mention its applied anatomy.

35. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-17 Pyriform fossa Boundaries Lateral – thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane Medial- Aryepiglottic fold C. Content- internal laryngeal branch of vagus nerve D. Applied anatomy – Foriegn bodies can lodge here. Removal of foriegn bodies can damage the nerve leading to hoarseness of voice

36. SPOTTER H&N-18 A. Identify the pinned area. B. What opens into it?

37. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-18 Sinus of larynx Saccule of larynx opens into it.

38. SPOTTER H&N-19 Identify the pinned structure. Mention its constituents. Give its nerve supply.

39. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-19 Soft palate Constituents 1. Tensor veli palatini 2. Levator veli palatini 3. Musculus uvulae 4. Palatoglossus 5. Palatopharyngeus C. Nerve supply – All the muscles of palate are supplied by pharngeal plexus except tensor veli palatini which is supplied by manbibular nerve

40. SPOTTER H&N-20 * A.Identify the *. B. Where does it open?

41. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-20 Sphenoidal air sinus It opens into spheno ethmoidal recess

42. SPOTTER H&N-21 Identify the pinned structure. Give its secretomotor pathway. Mention its applied anatomy.

43. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-21 Submandibular gland Secretomotor pathway Superior salivatory nucleus- nervus intermedius -Facial nerve- chorda tympani- joins lingual nerve- relay in submandibular ganglion- post ganglionic fibres through lingual nerve- submandibular gland C. Applied anatomy- Sialolithiasis (calculus in submandibular gland)

44. SPOTTER H&N-22 Identify the pinned structure. Give its attachment. Give its nerve supply and action.

45. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-22 Genioglossus Origin:Upper genial tubercle of mandible Insertion: Upper fibres- into the tip of tongue, Middle fibres- into the dorsum, lower fibres into the hyoid C. Nerve supply- Hypoglossal nerve Action- Upper fibres- retraction of tongue Middle fibres- Depression of tongue Lower fibres- Pulls the posterior most of tongue forwards and protrudes the tongue(Life saving muscle)

46. SPOTTER H&N-23 Identify the pinned structure. Give its motor innervation . Mention its sensory innervation . Give its applied anatomy.

47. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-23 Tongue Motor innervation : All the muscles of tongue is supplied by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus supplied by pharyngeal plexus Sensory innervation : Ant 2/3 rd – Special sensation except circumvallate papilla- chorda tympani, General sensation- Lingual nerve Post 1/3 rd – Both general and special sense including circumvallate papilla- Glossopharyngeal nerve Posterior most part – internal larngeal branch of vagus D. Development- Ant 2/3 rd - lingual swellings and tuberculum impar of I arch Post 1/3 rd - Ventral part of hypobranchial eminence (III arch) Post most part of tongue- Dorsal part of hypobranchial eminence( IV arch)

48. SPOTTER H&N-24 * Identify the * . Mention its boundaries. Give its content and mention the development of the content.

49. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-24 Tonsillar fossa Boundaries Anterior- palatoglossal arch, Posterior- Palatopharyngeal arch, C. Content- Palatine tonsil Development of the content- ventral part of second pharyngeal pouch

50. SPOTTER H&N-25 Identify the pinned structure. What does it consist of? Mention its lining epithelium.

51. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-25 Vestibular fold It consists of vestibular ligament Lining epithelium – Psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

52. SPOTTER H&N-26 Identify the pinned area. Give its nerve supply. Mention its blood supply.

53. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-26 Vestibule of larynx Nerve supply- Internal laryngeal nerve – branch of vagus nerve Blood supply Arterial supply- Superior laryngeal branch of superior thyroid artery Venous drainage – Superior laryngeal vein drains into superior thyroid vein

54. SPOTTER H&N-27 Identify the pinned structure. What does it contain? Mention its lining epithelium.

55. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-27 Vocal fold It consists of vocal ligament, vocalis muscle and vocal process of arytenoid cartilage Lining epithelium- Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

56. SPOTTER H&N-28 Identify the pinned structure. Give its medial relations. Mention its blood supply. Give its applied anatomy

57. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-28 Lateral Lobe of thyroid gland Medial relations Two tubes- Trachea and oesophagus Two muscles-inferior constrictor and cricothyroid Two nerves- external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal C. Blood supply Arterial supply- superior thyroid ( branch of external carotid artery) and inferior thyroid (branch of thyrocervical trunk of subclavian artery) Venous drainage- superior thyroid vein – drains into internal jugular vein middle thyroid vein- drains into internal jugular vein Inferior thyroid vein- drains into brachiocephalic vein

58. SPOTTER H&N-29 Identify the pinned structure. Give its posterior relations.

59. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-29 Isthumus of thyroid gland Posterior relations – 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th tracheal rings

60. SPOTTER H&N-30 Identify the pinned structure. Give its attachment. Mention its nerve supply and action. Give its applied anatomy.

61. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-30 Sternocleidomastoid Origin: Sternal head- from the front of manubrium sternii Clavicular head- Medial 1/3 rd of superior surface of clavicle Insertion- Mastoid process and superior nuchal line C. Nerve supply- Spinal root of accessory nerve Action-When one muscle contracts, it turns the chin to the opposite side and tilt the head towards the same side shoulder. When both muscles contract, it draws the head forwards D. Applied anatomy- Torticollis - head is bent to one side and chin points to the other side due to contracture of muscles supplied by spinal accessory nerve

62. SPOTTER H&N-31 Identify the pinned structure. Mention its secretomotor pathway. Give its applied anatomy.

63. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-31 Submandibular gland Secretomotor pathway Superior salivatory nucleus- nervus intermedius -Facial nerve- chorda tympani- joins lingual nerve- relay in submandibular ganglion- post ganglionic fibres through lingual nerve- submandibular gland C. Applied anatomy- Sialolithiasis (calculus in submandibular gland)

64. SPOTTER H&N-32 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Give its terminal branches. At what level it terminates?

65. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-32 Common carotid artery It is a branch from arch of aorta (left side) and brachiocephalic trunk (right side) Terminal branches – Internal and external carotid artery It terminates at the level of upper border of thyroid cartilage between C3 and C4 vertebra

66. SPOTTER H&N-33 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Mention its extent. Name its branches.

67. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-33 External carotid artery It is a branch from common carotid artery Branches Medial- ascending pharyngeal artery Anterior- Superior thyroid artery Lingual artery Facial artery Posterior-Occipital artery Posterior Auricular Artery Terminal- Maxillary Superficial Temporal D. Extent- From the upper border of thyroid cartilage between C3 and C4 vertebra and terminates behind the neck of mandible

68. SPOTTER H&N-34 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Mention its parts.

69. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-34 Internal carotid artery It is a branch from common carotid artery Parts – Cervical, petrous , cavernous and cerebral parts

70. SPOTTER H&N-35 Identify the tied structure. Give its branches in the neck.

71. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-35 Vagus nerve Branches in the neck 1. Superior laryngeal nerve divided into external and internal laryngeal branches 2. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve 3. Pharyngeal branch 4. Cardiac branches 5. Branches to carotid body

72. SPOTTER H&N-36 Identify the tied structure. Mention its formation and termination. Name its tributaries.

73. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-36 Internal jugular vein Formation- It is a continuation of sigmoid sinus Termination- It joins with subclavian vein and forms brachiocephalic vein C. Tributaries 1. Inferior petrosal sinus 2. Pharyngeal vein 3. Common facial vein 4. Lingual vein 5. Superior thyroid vein 6. Middle thyroid vein 7. Occipital vein 8. Thoracic duct on left side

74. SPOTTER H&N-37 Identify the pinned structure. Give its parts. Mention its nerve supply and action.

75. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-37 Orbicularis oculi Parts – orbital, palpebral and lacrimal parts Nerve supply – facial nerve Action- Orbital part- Closes lids tightly, wrinkling, protects eye from bright light Palpebral part- Closes lids gently, blinking Lacrimal part- Dilates lacrimal sac, supports the lower lid

76. SPOTTER H&N-38 Identify the tied structure. Name the muscles supplied by it.

77. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-38 Spinal accessory nerve Muscles supplied by it Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

78. SPOTTER H&N-39 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Which structure accompanies it? Give its applied anatomy.

79. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-39 Superior thyroid artery It is a branch from external carotid artery below the level of greater cornua of hyoid bone External laryngeal nerve accompanies it. Ligation of superior thyroid artery should be done close to the gland to save the external laryngeal nerve

80. SPOTTER H&N-40 Identify the pinned structure. Give its nerve supply and action.

81. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-40 Cricothyroid Nerve supply – External laryngeal branch of vagus nerve Action- Tensor of vocal cord

82. SPOTTER H&N-41 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Which structure accompanies it? Give its applied anatomy.

83. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-41 Inferior thyroid artery It is a bracnh from thyrocervical trunk of first part of subclavian artery

84. SPOTTER H&N-42 Identify the tied structure. What is it a branch of? Which structure accompanies it? Name the structures supplied by it.

85. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-42 Recurrent laryngeal nerve It is a branch from vagus nerve Inferior thyroid artery accompanies it It supplies all the muscles of larynx except cricothyroid and mucous membrane below the level of vocal folds

86. SPOTTER H&N-43 Identify the pinned structure. Give its nerve supply and action.

87. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-43 Orbicularis oris Nerve supply- Facial nerve Action- closes and purses the mouth

88. SPOTTER H&N-44 Identify the tied structure. Mention its area of innervation .

89. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-44 Hypoglossal nerve Area of innervation - It supplies all the muscles of tongue except palatoglossus which is supplied by pharyngeal plexus

90. SPOTTER H&N-45 Identify the pinned structure. Give its attachment. Mention the venous sinuses related to it.

91. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-45 Falx cerebri Attachment: Anterior end- crista galli Posterior end-upper surface of tentorium cerebelli Upper margin- lips of sagittal sulcus Lower margin –free C. Sinuses related to it: Superior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus and straight sinus

92. SPOTTER H&N-46 Identify the pinned structure. Give its attachment. Mention the venous sinuses related to it.

93. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-46 Tentorium cerebelli Attachment Anterior margin- U shaped and free and ends of U attached to anterior clinoid process Posterolateral - lips of the sagittal sulcus and posteroinferior angle of parietal bone Anterolateral - Superior border of petrous part of temporal bone and posterior clinoid process C. Sinuses related to it Right and left transverse sinus Right and left superior petrosal sinus Straight sinus

94. SPOTTER H&N-47 Identify the pinned structure. Give its attachment. Mention the venous sinuses related to it.

95. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-47 Falx cerebelli Attachment Base – inferior surface of tentorium cerebelli Apex- foramen magnum Anterior margin- free Posterior margin- internal occipital crest C. Sinus related to it: Occipital sinus

96. SPOTTER H&N-48 Identify the pinned area. Mention its content and blood supply of the content.

97. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-48 Hypophyseal fossa Hypophysis cerebri Blood supply of content- Superior and inferior hypophyseal artery

98. SPOTTER H&N-49 Identify the pinned area. Mention the structures opening into it.

99. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-49 Middle meatus of nose Structures opening into it: 1. Frontal air sinus 2. Anterior ethmoidal air sinus 3. Middle ethmoidal air sinus 4. Maxillary air sinus

100. SPOTTER H&N-50 Identify the tied structure. B. What is it a branch of? C. Mention its terminal branches.

101. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-50 Frontal nerve It is a branch from ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve Terminal branches- Supraorbital and supratrochlear nerve

102. SPOTTER H&N-51 Identify the pinned structure. Give its nerve supply and action.

103. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-51 Levator palpebrae superioris Nerve supply- Oculomotor nerve Action- Elevation of upper eyelid

104. SPOTTER H&N-52 Identify the pinned structure. Give its nerve supply and action.

105. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-52 Superior rectus Nerve supply- Oculomotor nerve Action- Elevation, adduction and intorsion of eye ball

106. SPOTTER H&N-53 Identify the pinned structure. Give its nerve supply and action.

107. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-53 Superior oblique Nerve supply- Trochlear nerve Action-Depression, abduction and intortion of eyeball

108. SPOTTER H&N-54 Identify the pinned structure. Mention its parts. Give its coverings.

109. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-54 Optic nerve Parts- Intraorbital , intracanalicular and intracranial Coverings Piamater , Arachnoid mater and duramater

110. SPOTTER H&N-55 Identify the pinned structure. Mention the structures present in the lateral wall of it. Name the structures present in its centre Give its applied anatomy.

111. ANSWER TO SPOTTER H&N-55 Cavernous sinus Structures in the lateral wall of sinus 1 Oculomotor nerve 2. Trochlear nerve 3. Ophthalmic nerve 4.Maxillary nerve C. Structures in the centre of sinus: 1. Internal carotid artery 2. Abducent nerve D. Thrombosis of cavernous sinus