Health Basics Preventing Violence and Injury

Health Care Basics

1. THE HEALTH BASICS 13 rd edition Chapter 5 Preventing Violence and Injury

2. Learning Objectives (1 of 2) 5.1 Differentiate between intentional and unintentional injuries, and discuss trends in violence in American society and on college campuses. 5.2 List and explain factors that contribute to intentional acts of violence . 5. 3 Discuss the prevalence, common contributors to, and groups that are at risk for interpersonal and collective acts of violence, and describe intimate partner violence and the cycle of IPV. 5 . 4 Describe various types of sexual victimization, environmental and social contributors, and the effectiveness of strategies to prevent and respond to sexual victimization .

3. Learning Objectives (2 of 2) 5.5 Discuss existing personal and community strategies for minimizing the risk of violence. 5. 6 Discuss key strategies that are likely to minimize the risk of unintentional injuries.

4. What Is Violence? Violence is a set of behaviors that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviors (the injuries themselves). Intentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused by violence with the intent to harm. Homicide and suicide are the second and third leading causes of death for 15- to 34-year-olds. Unintentional injuries include injury, death, or psychological harm caused unintentionally, often as a result of circumstance .

5. Violence in the United States Unintentional injuries, particularly from motor vehicle crashes, are the number one cause of death among 15- to 44-year-olds in the United States today. According to the FBI, violent crime fell by 10 percent between 2012 and 2014, but increased by 1.7 percent in 2015 and 5.3 percent in the first half of 2016. Violent crimes involve force or threat of force, and include murder, non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.

6. Changing Crime Rates

7. Violence in the United States (cont.) Two methods are used to record crime: The FBI ' s Uniform Crime Reporting Program and the Bureau of Justice Statistics ' National Crime Victimization Survey . Disparities in crime rates exist based on race, sex, age, socioeconomic status, geography, and other factors.

8. Violence on U.S. Campuses The most deadly mass shooting in U.S. history took place at Virginia Tech, killing 32 people. Rapes, hate crimes, and other violations are reported on campuses across the country. Today, it would be hard to find a campus without a safety plan in place.

9. Violence on U.S. Campuses (cont.) A recent American College Health Survey found 10.9 percent of women and 6.4 percent of men reported being emotionally abused in the past 12 months. About 6.6 percent of women and 2.4 percent of men report being stalked. Only 12.5 percent of rapes and 4.3 percent of sexual batteries are believed to have been reported

10. Crime Clock Figure 5.2 Crime Clock The crime clock represents the annual ratio of crime to fixed time intervals. The numbers are averages; the crime clock should not be taken to imply a regularity in the commission of crime . Source: Adapted from Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Crime in the United States , 2015,” Accessed March 2017, www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crimein- the- u.s /2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/figs/crime-clock.jpg.

11. Factors Contributing to Violence Community Contexts Societal factors Religious beliefs and differences Political differences Breakdowns in the criminal justice system Stress, depression, or other mental health issues.

12. What Makes Some Individuals Prone to Violence? Personal factors can also increase risks for violence. Anger Primary aggression Reactive aggression Substance abuse

13. How Much Impact Do the Media Have? Although early studies supported a link between the violent media and subsequent violent behavior, recent work fails to support this association. Today, young people are exposed to more violence through media than at any other time, yet rates of violent crime among youth have fallen to 40-year lows.

14. Interpersonal and Collective Violence Three major types of intentional injury: interpersonal violence , collective violence , and self-directed violence . Homicide is the 13th leading cause of death overall, one of the top 5 leading causes of death for persons age 1–44. Nearly half of all homicides occur among people who know one another.

15. Homicide in the United States by Weapon Type, 2015

16. Interpersonal and Collective Violence (cont.) Hate and bias-motivated crimes. A hate crime is a crime committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offender ' s bias against race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. Bias-motivated crimes describe violence based on prejudice and discrimination among ethnic groups in the larger society .

17. Bias-Motivated Crimes, Single-Bias Incidence 2015

18. Reasons for Hate and Bias Crimes Common reasons given to explain these crimes include: Thrill seeking Feeling threatened Retaliation Fearing the unknown For some, hate crimes are a part of their mission in life owing to religious zeal or distorted moral beliefs.

19. ABC News Video: Was North Carolina Killing a Hate Crime?

20. Gang Violence Gangs account for about 48 percent of violent crime in the United States. Gangs are linked to alien smuggling, human trafficking, prostitution, drug trafficking, sex trafficking, shootings, beatings, thefts, and carjacking. Risk factors for gang membership include low self-esteem, academic problems, low socioeconomic status, alienation from family and society, family violence, and living in gang-controlled neighborhoods.

21. Terrorism Terrorism is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Effects on the economy include costs of food and fuel, travel restrictions, additional security measures, and military buildups.

22. Domestic Violence Domestic violence is the use of force to control or maintain power over another person in the home environment, and involves both actual harm and the threat of harm. Intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs between two people in an intimate relationship (current or former spouses, or dating partners). Each year, millions of women and men are victims of rape, physical and psychological abuse, stalking, and other intimate partner offenses. Homicide by a current or former intimate partner is the leading cause of death of pregnant women in the United States. 75 percent of all murder-suicides in the United States involve an intimate partner

23. Domestic Violence (cont.) The cycle of IPV consists of: Tension building Incident of acute battering Remorse/reconciliation No single reason explains abuse in relationships.

24. ABC News Video: Will Anyone Confront Abusive Boyfriend?

25. ABC News Video: Will Anyone Confront Abusive Boyfriend? (cont.) Discussion Questions What message does it send if bystanders do not help someone who is being abused? What societal reasons may contribute to a rise in domestic violence rates? Describe reasons someone may not step in to help if he or she witnesses an instance of domestic violence. Discuss the best method of intervention if you were a witness to a domestic violence situation. Would you respond differently if you witnessed a female abusing a male? Why or why not? Which witness in the video handled the situation most appropriately? Cite evidence for your answer. Would your answer change if the woman in the video were your sister or someone you loved?

26. Domestic Violence (cont.) Child maltreatment: child abuse and neglect Child maltreatment is defined as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent or caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child. Child abuse refers to acts of commission or deliberate or intentional words or actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child. Neglect is an act of omission, meaning failure to provide for a child.

27. Child Abuse and Neglect Victims, by Age, 2013

28. Child Sexual Abuse In 2015, there were 315,000 reported cases of child sexual abuse in the United States. 90 percent of child sexual abuse victims know their perpetrator. Youth who have been sexually abused are: 25 percent more likely to experience teen pregnancy; 30 percent more likely to abuse their own children; and much more likely to have problems with alcohol abuse or drug addiction.

29. Elder Abuse By 2030, the number of people over age 65 will exceed 71 million, or double the number in 2000. Many victims fail to report abuse due to embarrassment, because they don ' t want the abuser to get in trouble, or because they fear the abuser will retaliate by putting them in a nursing home.

30. Sexual Victimization Sexual victimization is any situation in which an individual is coerced or forced to comply with or endure another ' s sexual acts or overtures. Both men and women are susceptible, and young people are even more so.

31. Sexual Assault and Rape Sexual assault is an act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without that person ' s consent. Rape is sexual penetration without the victim ' s consent. Aggravated rape involves one stranger or multiple attackers,, weapons, or physical beating. Simple rape is rape by one person, usually known to the victim, and does not involve physical beating or use of a weapon.

32. Acquaintance Rape Acquaintance rape is rape in which the rapist is known to the victim, even if only minimally. This type of rape is particularly common on college campuses, where alcohol and drug use can impair young people ' s judgment and self-control.

33. Rape on U.S. Campuses 20 percent of undergraduate women have been sexually assaulted during their undergraduate years. Most rapes are committed by someone known to the victim and involve alcohol, Rohypnol, or GHB.

34. Marital Rape Marital rape can be any unwanted intercourse or penetration (vaginal, anal, or oral) obtained by force, threat of force, or when the spouse is unable to consent. Many states still allow the exemption of marital rape prosecution. Women under age 25 and from lower socioeconomic groups are at highest risk.

35. Social Contributors to Sexual Violence Trivialization Blaming the victim Pressure to be macho Male socialization Male misperceptions Situational factors

36. What to Do If Rape Occurs Call 9-1-1. Do not bathe, shower, douche, clean up, or touch anything the attacker touched. Save, and do not launder, the clothes you were wearing. Bring clean clothes to the clinic or hospital. Contact the rape assistance hotline in your area.

37. Sexual Harassment Sexual Harassment is defined as unwelcome sexual contact that is related to any condition of employment or evaluation of student performance. Sexual harassment can affect both men and women. Peers can harass one another, too.

38. ABC News Video: Sexual Assaults on College Campuses: 95 Colleges Under Federal Investigation

39. Stopping Sexual Harassment If you feel you are being harassed, be assertive and do the following: Tell the harasser to stop. Document the harassment. Try to make sure you are not alone with the harasser. Complain to a higher authority. Remember, you have done nothing wrong.

40. Stalking A course of conduct directed at a specific person that would cause a reasonable person to feel fear. May include repeated visual or physical proximity, nonconsensual written or verbal communication, implied or explicit threats. Over 15 percent of women and nearly 6 percent of men have been victims of stalking during their lifetimes Adults between 18 and 24 experience the highest rates of stalking.

41. Child Sexual Abuse Sexual abuse of children by adults or older children includes suggestive conversations; inappropriate kissing; touching; petting; oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse; and other kinds of sexual interaction. Rates of abuse range from 1 to 35 percent, and girls are at higher risk than are boys. About 90 percent of children know their abuser, and in 70 percent of cases the abuser is a family member, most often male.

42. Preventing Assault Speak in a strong voice. State, “Leave me alone !”. Sound like you mean it. Maintain eye contact. This conveys an aura of strength and confidence. If you are assaulted draw attention to yourself…yell “ fire!”

43. Campus-Wide Responses to Violence Prevention and early response efforts Cell phone alerts, e-mails, REVERSE 9-1-1 Changes in campus environment Campus lighting, parking lot security, emergency call boxes, stepped-up security Campus law enforcement now includes state troopers or local law enforcement officers to deal with campus issues rather than maintaining a separate police staff.

44. Community Strategies for Preventing Violence Inoculate children against violence in the home. Develop policies and laws that prevent violence. Develop skills-based educational programs. Begin early to help youth develop self-esteem and confidence. Promote tolerance and acceptance. Improve community services. Improve community-based support. Improve safety of recreation and athletic facilities.

45. Unintentional Injuries Motor vehicle crashes and cycling incidents cause numerous deaths and injuries every year. In 2016, motor vehicle crashes caused over 41,200 deaths. Impaired driving due to alcohol, marijuana, drugs and distractions (use of electronics) contributed to this 6 percent increase since 2015 In 2014, 726 people died in cycling accidents, and 50,000 were injured.

46. Vehicle Safety Impaired driving is the single greatest risk for all drivers. Distracted driving, either visual, manual, or cognitive, can lead to trouble. Risk management driving reduces the chance of being involved in a collision.

47. Cycling Safety In about 1/3 of all fatal auto involved cycling accidents, either the driver or rider was drunk. Most fatal collisions are caused by cyclists ' errors. To avoid accidents, avoid alcohol, wear reflective clothing, know hand signals, avoid phone use or listening to music. Always wear a bike helmet.

48. Water Safety Drowning is the fifth leading cause of unintentional injury death among Americans of all ages. Young Americans aged 15 to 24 years experience the most drownings: 507 per year. Drowning risk factors: Lack of swimming ability Lack of barriers Lack of skilled supervision Temperature extremes Hazardous conditions Seizures Excess alcohol

49. Safety at Home Injuries within the home typically occur in the form of poisonings, falls, or burns. Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death in the United States , with 52,404 lethal drug overdoses in 2015 . Opioid addiction is the key player with: 20,101 prescription pain reliever overdose deaths 12,990 heroin overdose deaths in 2015. In 2015, the 55 poison control centers in the United States logged over 2.1 million calls for assistance with human poisoning. Falls are the third most common cause of death from unintentional injury. In 2014, more than 3,500 Americans died in a fire.