Health belief model.pptx

The health belief model, still regarded as one of the most well-known conceptual frameworks for health behavior, was one of the first models to apply theory from the behavioral sciences to health issues.
The four key constructs of the health belief model are identified as perceived susceptibility and perceived severity (two dimensions of “threat”), and perceived benefits and perceived barriers (the components of “net benefits”).
Perceived susceptibility and perceived severity (two dimensions of "threat"), as well as perceived benefits and perceived barriers (the components of "net benefits"), are recognized as the four main constructs of the health belief model.

1. Health Belief Model Ms. Jyoti Chand M.Sc. Nursing

2. Objectives : At the end of seminar ,audience will be able to: define health belief model(HBM) define goal of health belief model list postulates of HBM enumerate extensions to original HBM infer strengths and limitations of HBM interpret extended HBM

3. Introduction The growing increase in lifestyle-related health problems has motivated a shift from treatment-and-prescription centric (reactive) healthcare system to a patient-centric (proactive) system that is based on prevention and promotion of healthy behavior around the world. Several health behavior theories have been used to inform health intervention designs, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Transtheoretical Model, and the Health Belief Model .

4. ………contd The Health Belief Model (HBM), was developed in the 1950s to investigate why people fail to undertake preventive health measures, remains one of the most widely employed theories in the design and evaluation of health behavior interventions.

5. History of HBM The HBM is the first theory that was developed exclusively to explain health-related behaviors. The model was developed in response to the failure of a free tuberculosis (TB) health screening program.The TB screening program provided adults with free TB screening x-rays from mobile units conveniently located in various neighborhoods. When few adults came out for the free services, program organizers began investigating why more adults did not come out. Hochbaum, however, began to study what motivated the few who did come out.

6. Goal of HBM The original goal of the developers of the HBM was to focus the effort of researchers who aim to improve public health by understanding why people do not take preventive measures to promote health promotion.

7. Postulates Health-related behavior is determined by his/her perception of the four variables: Perceived Susceptibility Perceived Severity Perceived Benefit Perceived Barrier These four variables have been broadly categorized into two main aspects of individuals’ representations of health and health behaviors: Perceived Threat and Behavioral Evaluation

8. Perceived Threat The HBM posits that an individual is likely to perform a behavior if he/she perceives a threat from a disease or health condition. The threat perception is based on two beliefs: The perceived susceptibility of the individual to the disease The perceived severity of the consequences of the disease for the individual.

9. Behavioral evaluation HBM proposes that an individual is likely to perform a behavior if s/he perceives that performing the behavior will supposedly reduce the negative health outcome. The behavioral evaluation is based on two beliefs: The perceived benefit or efficacy of the target health behavior The perceived costs or barrier to performing the target behavior.

10. Extensions to original HBM Cue to Action Self-Efficacy

11. Strengths of HBM The main strength of the HBM is its use of simplified health-related constructs that make it easy to implement, apply, and test . The HBM has provided a useful theoretical framework for investigating the cognitive determinants of a wide range of behaviors for over three decades. It has focused researchers’ and health care professionals’ attention on variables that are prerequisites for health behavior.

12. Limitations of HBM The model did not explicitly spell out the relationships between the variables and no clear rules for combining the formulated variables. A major weakness of HBM is its predictive capability. The primary variables account for less than 21% (R2 < 0.21) of variance in healthy behavior change and the effect sizes of the individual variables are very small

13. Extended HBM Researchers have identified some other important variables that affect the tendency of performing a behavior. Most of these variables have not been examined in the context of any existing theoretical framework and therefore, have not been widely employed by health behavior intervention designers

14. Cont … Newly added variables are Consideration of future consequences Self identity Concern for appearance Perceived importance

15. Strength of Extended HBM Including these four variables significantly increased the predictive capacity of the model by approximately 78 %

16. Limitation of Extended HBM Variables (consideration of future consequences, self-identity, concern for appearance, and perceived importance) have been validated as independent predictors of various behaviors. However, they have not been examined in context of any known health theories to know their relationships with other variables.

17. Application of HBM(HIV prevention )

18. Smoking cessation

19. Application of Research An exploration of the oral health beliefs and behaviors of people living with HIV in Mangalore, India: a qualitative study Anisha Rodrigues et al. ,BMC Oral Health. 2021.Apr 30;21(1):222. PMID: 33931053 PMCID: PMC8086078 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01549-5

20. Contd …. Health Belief Model (HBM) and qualitative methods using in-depth interviews with 16 PLHIV was used,Content analysis of the transcribed data was done. The data was grouped under the constructs of the HBM.The perceived susceptibility to oral diseases and awareness on the importance of good oral health was low. Regular tooth brushing and traditional methods for oral hygiene maintenance were considered beneficial. Regular dental visits were not considered important. Psychosocial issues, time and financial constraints were the barriers. Participants believed that information on oral health should be provided by the health providers in hospitals and dental clinics.The findings on the oral health beliefs and behaviors support the need for education on oral health and preventive health care practices among PLHIV. Oral health promotion should include behavioral change as one of its components.

21. Conclusion HBM is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviours.this is done by focusing on the attitude and beliefs of individuals. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was developed in the early 1950s by social scientists in the U.S. Public Health Service in order to understand the failure of people to adopt disease prevention strategies or screening tests for the early detection of disease.The model was first presented with only four key concepts: Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, and Perceived Barriers. The concept of Cues for Action was added later to "stimulate behavior." Finally, in 1988, the concept of Self-Efficacy was added to address the challenges of habitual unhealthy behaviors such as smoking and overeating.The HBM is based on the understanding that a person will take a health-related action,if that person feels that a negative health condition can be avoided,has a positive expectation that by taking a recommended action,he/she will avoid a negative health condition and believes that he/she can successfully take a recommended health action.

22. References Janz NK, Becker MH. The Health Belief Model: a decade later. Health Educ Q. 1984 Spring;11(1):1-47. doi: 10.1177/109019818401100101. PMID: 6392204. Abraham C, Sheeran P. The health belief model. In: Conner M, Norman P, editors. Predicting Health Behaviour: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2005. pp. 28–80. Becker MH, Maiman LA, Kirscht JP, Haefner DP, Drachman RH, Taylor DW. Patient perceptions and compliance: Recent studies of the Health Belief Model. In: Haynes RB, Taylor DW, editors. Compliance in Health Care. 1979. National Cancer Institute . Theory at a Glance: A Guide for Health Promotion Practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2003. Orji R, Vassileva J, Mandryk R. Towards an effective health interventions design: an extension of the health belief model. Online J Public Health Inform. 2012;4(3):ojphi.v4i3.4321. doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v4i3.4321. Epub 2012 Dec 19. PMID: 23569653; PMCID: PMC3615835. Rodrigues A, Hegde V, Hegde AV, Shastri SG, Ravikumar DN, Rodrigues R. An exploration of the oral health beliefs and behaviors of people living with HIV in Mangalore, India: a qualitative study. BMC Oral Health. 2021 Apr 30;21(1):222. doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01549-5. PMID: 33931053; PMCID: PMC8086078.