Health education and propoganda

seminar on health education

1. Seminar : HEALTH EDUCATION AND PROPOGANDA 1 Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DU) Dept . of Community Medicine and School for Epidemiology & Public Health Master of Public Health Programme Presented by : Rutuj Waghmare MPH 2 nd SEM

2. Introduction Definition Aims and objective Approaches in health education Models of health education Methods of health education Health education in I ndia Health propaganda Summary CONTENTS 2

3. To define health education and to know about the various approaches, modes, and principles of health education To discuss about the methods of health education To know the role of government of India and various other agencies in health education To know about propaganda and the difference between health education and propaganda. 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

4. Since ancient time, man has been in search of cure for illness or disease and aspired to be healthy and fit. Various civilizations in the past have witnessed the rise and development of medicine aiming at treatment of the sick The concept of public health has provided a broader perspective with an increased emphasis on prevention of disease and promotion of health. INTRODUCTION 4

5. Health education is the process of imparting information about health in such a way that the recipient is motivated to use that information for the protection or advancement of his own, his family’s or his community’s health. Health education is an active learning process, which aims at favorably changing attitudes and influencing behavior w.r.t health practices 5 Cont.

6. Health is multidimensional. The WHO defined Health as: “A complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity .” (WHO 1948) CONCEPT OF HEALTH 6

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8. Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities to improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes. ( WHO 1969) 9 HEALTH EDUCATION

9. Informing people (Cognitive objective) Motivating people (Affective objective) Guiding into action (Behavioral objective) OBJECTIVE OF HEALTH EDUCATION 10

10. The Declaration of Alma-Ata (1978) by emphasizing the need for “ individual and community participation” gave a new meaning and direction to the practice of Health education The dynamic definition of health education is now as follows : “A process aimed to encouraging peoples to wants to be healthy, to know how to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health, and to seek help when needed.” - TRS690 P-8 1983 Alma-Ata Declaration 11

11. Historically Health education has been committed to disseminationing information and changing human behavior. Following the Alma-Ata Declaration adopted in 1978, the emphasis has shifted from- Prevention of disease to promotion of healthy lifestyle The modification of individual behavior to modification of “social environment ” in which the individual lives. Community participation to community involvement Promotion of individual and community “self-reliance” CHANGING CONCEPTS 12

12. To encourage people to adopt and sustain health promoting lifestyle and practice. To promote proper use of health services available to them To arouse interest, provide new knowledge, improve skills and change attitude in making rational decision to solve their on problem. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE 13

13. 14 APPROACHES IN HEALTH EDUCATION

14. This approach makes use of the law to protect the health of people. The government makes laws and regulation in order to safeguard the health of peoples. Regulations may be promulgated by the state by a variety of administrative agencies. Regulations may takes many form ranging from prohibition to imprisonment . Examples- Pollution act, Food Adulteration Act, Environmental a ct, Child marriage act , REGULATORY APPROACH ( MANAGED PREVENTION ) 15

15. Advantages: Simple , Quick Limitations- They are applicable only in certain times or in limited situations They may not alter the behavior of the individual. 16 Cont.

16. It is also called as Administrative approach This approach was tried by basic health services in 1960’s. Intends to provide all the health facilities needed by the people at their door steps on the assumption that people would use them to improve their own health . Limitation-:not based on the felt-needs of people Example- when water seal latrines were provided, free of cost, in some villages in India under the Community Development Programme, people did not use them. This serves to illustrate that we may provide free service to the people, but there is no guarantee that the service will be used by them . SERVICE APPROACH 17

17. This form of approach is found to be most effective means for achievement of changes in the health practices and life styles of community. Components : 1 . Motivation 2 . Communication 3 . Decision making The results obtained from this approach may be slow, but permanent and enduring. Another important Sufficient time for an individual to bring about changes and learning new facts as well as unlearning wrong information as well. EDUCATIONAL APPROACH 18

18. Radically new approach starting from the people with their full participation and active involvement in the planning and delivery of health services based on principals of health care via community involvement and intersectoral coordination. This can be achieved by providing the necessary guidance of help people identify their health problems and to find solution to these problems. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE APPROACH 19

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20. Mostly this model is concerned with disease or illness. This model is primarily interested in the recognition and treatment of disease and technological advances to facilitate the process . Health information is provided to peoples hoping that they will use this information to improve their health. MEDICAL MODEL 21

21. When people did not use the information provided to them, it was felt that just providing information is not sufficient ; the individual must have to motivated to translate the health information into action. It is a process consisting of several stages through which an individual is likely to pass before adoption . These are awareness, motivation and action. MOTIVATIONAL MODEL 22 Awareness Motivation Interest Evaluation Decision making Action Adaptation or acceptance

22. The traditional motivation approach is insufficient to achieve behavioral change hence it is the social environment which needs to be changed . Example: reducing smoking, adoption of small family norm, raising the age of marriage, elimination of dowry, etc. It is often found that people will not readily accept and try something new or novel until it has been approved by the group to which they belong. Most of us prefer to do only the things commonly done by our group. Example: adoption of new idea like vasectomy or loop insertion is facilitated if there is a group support etc . SOCIAL INTERVENTION MODEL 23

23. 24 CONTENTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION

24. 25 PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH EDUCATION

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26. Auditory Aids – radio, tape recorder, microphone, amplifiers , earphone Visual Aids – Chalk board, leaflet, posters, charts Slides , film strips etc. Combined AV Aids – TV, Sound films, Slide-tape combination No health education can be effective with out audiovisual aids. They help to simplify the unfamiliar concepts . PRACTICE OF HEALTH EDUCATION 27

27. HEALTH COMMUNICATION

28. Health education occurs in a variety of places, these include Schools Worksites Health Care Organizations Health Departments Voluntary Health Agencies Community Settings HEALTH EDUCATION PRACTICE SETTINGS 29

29. SETTING PRIMARY MISSION WHO IS SERVED? School Education Children/adolescents Worksite Produce goods and services; Make a profit (if applicable) Consumers of products and services Hospitals Treat illness and trauma Patients Community primary care setting Prevent, detect, and treat illness and trauma Patients Health Department Chronic and infectious disease prevention and control Public Voluntary health agencies Prevention and control Targeted disease/condition Public 30

30. People specialize in health education ( trained and/or certified health education specialists). Para-professionals and health professionals -perform selected health education functions as part of what they consider their primary responsibility (medical treatment, nursing, social work, physical therapy, oral hygiene, etc .) WHO PROVIDES HEALTH EDUCATION 31

31. HEALTH EDUCATION IN INDIA 32

32. The Government of India is responsible for providing countrywide education to the people on health care and management.   The Directorate General of Health Services set up Central Health Education Bureau (CHEB) in 1956 to coordinate health education services through various divisions in the country . Formed on the recommendation of the Bhore committee and the Planning commission 33 ROLE OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

33. Functions - Interpret the plans, programs and achievements of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Design , guide and conduct research in health Behavior, health education processes and aids. Produce and distribute ‘proto-type’ health promotion and education material in relation to various health problems and programs in country. Provide guidelines for the organizational setup, functioning of health education units at the state , district and other levels . Collaborating with international agencies in promoting health education activities . 34

34. Divisions 35

35. School health services are managed by respective State Governments and Union Territories.   The aim of school health programme is to provide comprehensive health care to all school children in both urban and rural areas.   It comprises of medical examination, treatment, preventive medicine, follow-up action, sanitation, hygiene, safe environment and other aspects of health management.  36 Role of State Governments, Union Territories and Local-Self Government Bodies

36. There is a provision for health check-up twice in a year undertaken by government or private agencies under the supervision of a Medical Officer who is in charge of medical inspection. Medical fee is collected in schools for the purpose of health care which is compulsory . This arrangement is made with a view to bring about awareness among parents and teachers 37 Cont.

37. Health instruction is not considered a part of the total school curriculum.  Health instruction component is missing from primary school to university levels in India.   Systematical health instruction is not imparted on mandatory and regular basis Health universities and medical colleges are imparting professional health education and training. The students do get the benefit of incidental teaching on health care resources and methods 38 Role of Educational Institutions

38.  Printed materials, audio-visual programme, demonstrations, exhibitions, poster campaigns, group discussions, lecture programme, field trips, health clubs and other health instructional opportunities are made available to the students at various levels. 39 Cont.

39. Mass media like newspapers, magazines, film, radio and television are diffusing health information throughout the country in their own way.   Mass media can play a complementary role in facilitating health for all. In reality, mass media in India have not accorded a place of pride to health education 40 Role of Mass Media-

40. The print media have played a limited role in promoting health consciousness among the people.   Once in a while reports, articles, features, profiles and other health-centered contents appear in the press 41 Press

41. All India Radio is well known in the world as the largest radio network.   Radio also provides series of special audiences programme on variety of subjects including health education and management .  42 Radio

42. Television has become the massest of all mass media in India and everywhere.  Doordarshan which is managed by the Prasar Bharathi Corporation provides Information, Education and Communication (IEC) support to Health and Family Welfare through telecasts during different time slots allover the country .  Discussions, interviews, quickies, quizzes, special chunks, spots, jingles etc., are broadcast by Doordarshan Kendras with a focus on burning health issues of our time. 43 Television

43. Film is a powerful medium of communication.  India produces largest feature films, newsreels and documentaries in the world.   N ewsreels and documentaries which focus the attention of the audience on health, nutrition, family welfare and environment protection.   These newsreels and documentaries are screened in cinema theatres and non-theatrical channels which include community halls, educational institutions, industrial houses, cultural organizations etc.   44 Film

44. Telecommunication channels, satellite communication channels and computer communication channels predominantly constitute new communication technologies in the present times.  These technologies have given rise to telemedicine, video conferencing and other latest tools of health communication and health education.     45 Role of New Communication Technologies

45. There are many NGOs operating in urban and rural areas.   They are providing education, training and guidance to the people on various developmental themes including health education .   They are also using multi-media for the purpose of health education.   They include: posters, wall writings , lectures, group discussions, seminars, workshops, photo exhibitions, demonstrations and so on.   NGOs are playing an active role in promoting health education in urban and rural areas even under certain constraints and limitations. 46 Role of NGOs

46. Shikshantar  -The Peoples' Institute for Rethinking Education and Development Manzil   -A Youth Empowerment and Learning Center Saakshar Prajwala Lok Biradari Prakalp of Prakash and Manda Amte  Smile Foundation The Akanksha Foundation Azim Premji Foundation Teach For India 47 Which are the best NGO's working in Education field in I ndia ?

47. 48 Cont .

48. The National Institution for Transforming India, also called NITI Aayog , was formed via a resolution of the Union Cabinet on January 1, 2015. NITI Aayog is the premier policy ‘Think Tank’ of the Government of India. At the core of NITI Aayog’s creation are two hubs –  Team India Hub  and the  Knowledge and Innovation Hub . The Team India Hub leads the engagement of states with the Central government, while the Knowledge and Innovation Hub builds NITI’s think-tank capabilities. These hubs reflect the two key tasks of the Aayog. 49 NITI Aayog

49. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is inspired by the vision of transformational change in rural development processes by leveraging knowledge institutions to help build the architecture of an Inclusive India Their mission is conceptualized as a movement to enable processes that connect institutes of higher education with local communities to address the development challenges of rural India through participatory processes and appropriate technologies for accelerating sustainable growth 50 UNNAT BHARAT ABHIYAN

50. It also aims to create a virtuous cycle between the society and an inclusive university system by providing knowledge and practices for emerging professions and to upgrade the capabilities of both the public and the private sectors. 51 Cont.

51. ASHA will be a health activist in the community who will create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the community towards local health planning and increased utilization and accountability of the existing health services . She would be a promoter of good health practices by educating people. ASHA will take steps to create awareness and provide information to the community on determinants of health such as nutrition, basic sanitation & hygienic practices, healthy living and working conditions, information on existing health services and the need for timely utilization of health & family welfare services 52 Role of ASHA

52. Health education has not been accorded a place of pride in government organizations, non-government agencies, educational institutions and media organizations in India .. Health education is not managed compulsorily, systematically and meticulously  in India.    The future agenda for the Central Government, State Governments/Union Territories and Panchayati Raj institutions must deal with the process of people’s participation in health education in which related processes , such as evolving a suitable health education policy, developing health curriculum, imparting health education, training health educators, monitoring health education services and achieving the goal of ‘Health for All’ are also addressed at various levels. 53 FUTURE OF HEALTH EDUCATION IN INDIA

53. Health Propaganda 54

54. Propaganda is information that is used to promote or publicize a point of view or a cause. (ref) Propaganda often has the connotation of being biased or misleading in some way-not telling the entire truth because of the need to promote a view, cause, product, or person. Examples of Propaganda : Advertisements of any kind are propaganda used to promote a product or service. For example, an ad that promotes one brand of toothpaste over another is an example of propaganda. 55 PROPAGANDA

55. Propaganda is merely a publicity campaign aimed at presenting a particular thing or concept in a particular thing or concept in a favorable right in such a way that the public may accept it without thinking it analytically. Health education on the other hand, promote active thinking and assessment of the problem by the people and encourages them to decide for themselves whether they want to change and in what manner. REF 56 Health Propaganda

56. Health Education Propaganda Knowledge and skills actively acquired(active thinking) Knowledge instilled in the minds of the people(facts) Develops reflective behavior .Trains people to use judgment before acting Develops reflexive behavior; aims at impulsive action Appeals to reason Appeals to emotion Develops individuality ,personality and self expression Develops a standard pattern of attitudes and behaviors according to would used Knowledge acquired through self reliant activity Knowledge is spoon fed ad received The process is behavior centered aims at developing favorable attitudes , habits and skills The process is information centered – no change of attitude or behavior designed

57. Health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes. Approaches- regulatory approach , service approach, educational approach, primary health care approach Models-medical model, motivational model , social interaction model. Health education is a complex activity in which different individuals, groups and organization play a part Parents, teachers, medical professional health workers, government and non-government agencies are active partners in health education team SUMMARY 58

58. Health education is a major and important component in any preventive and primitive public health programs. Health education is also an important , integral part of social sciences. Hence the scope of health education exceeds beyond the conventional health sector It covers every aspect of family and community health. Propaganda is merely a publicity campaign aimed at presenting a particular thing or concept in a particular thing or concept in a favorable right in such a way that the public may accept it without thinking it analytically 59 Cont.

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