HEART ROT OF PINEAPPLE

PAT 401 DISEASES OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT...

1. PAT 401 DISEASES OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (2+1) ASSIGNMENT ON HEART ROT OF PINEAPPLE SUBMITTED BY KAMALRAJ G 2016037015

2. CONTENTS Introduction History Distribution Economic Importance Systematic Position Symptoms Epidemiology Etiology Mode Of Spread And Survival Management

3. introduction In 1493 , Christopher Columbus brought pineapple from South America to Europe. This fruit was first named " pina " because it looks like large pine cone,later added name "apple" to denote it as a fruit American colonists regarded pineapples as a luxurious treat because of their rarity and cost . A pineapple is the result of many flowers whose fruitlets have joined around the core . And also example for CAM plant. Ananas comosus Bromeliaceae 2n=50

4. History During September to November 2011, heart rot disese of pineapple was found in Ledong and Wangning of Hainan Province. A survey of 150 ha producing areas of pineapple revealed that the fields were affected at an incidence ranging from 25% to 30%. Infected plants showed water-soaked lesions and soft rot on the base of heart leaves near the soil surface   P. nicotianae  was previously reported as the causal agent of heart rot of pineapple in Hawaii, U.S.A Distribution

5. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Heterokontophyta Class: Oomycota Order: Peronosporales Family: Peronosporaceae Genus: Phytophthora Species: parasitica cinnamomi Causal organism Phytophthora parasitica , Phytophthora cinnamomi

6. SYMPTOMS Plants of all ages are attacked, but three to four month old crown plantings are most susceptible. Once symptoms become visible, young leaves are easily pulled from the plant, and the basal white leaf tissue at the base of the leaves becomes water-soaked and rotten with a foul smell due to the invasion of secondary organisms In the field, heart rot disease of young plants can be suspected where there is a change in the colour of leaves from normal green to yellowish green and browning of the leaf tips. The bases of the leaves shown yellowish white rotten area bordered by distinct and characteristic brown margin. The rot extends the stem of the plant producing a soft cheese-like rotting condition. The roots of plants are largely destroyed with the result that the plants remain stunted and fruit formation is delayed or dose not form at all .

7. Pineapple heart rot caused by Phytophthora spp. Heart rot of pineapple is caused by Phytophthora spp Pineapple heart rot caused by Phytophthora parasitica Pineapple heart rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi

8. Pineapple heart rot can move up the peduncle to rot the fruit of susceptible varieties NORMAL FRUIT HEART ROT AFFECTED FRUIT

9. ETIOLOGY Aseptate mycelia, inter & intra cellular haustoria . Sexual spores – Oospores ( oogonium ). asexual spores – Zoospores and sporangium Primary source of inoculum – Oospores & chlamydospores present in debris. Secondary source of inoculum – Air & water splash borne zoospores. MODE OF SPREAD The fungus inhabits and survive in the soil in the form of oospores. The spores spread through irrigation water and rain splash.

10. EPIDEMIOLOGY Heart rot under warmer and dry conditions is frequently associated with alkaline soils and poor drainage. It is severe in cool , wet soil. Temperatute:25 degree C , heavy rains soon after planting leads to heavy disease incidence. Plants of one or two year age are more susceptible Mostly ratoon crops are susceptible.

11. MANAGEMENT Site selection Pineapple root rot occurs most frequently in high-rainfall areas with poor soil drainage. Drier areas with good soil drainage are preferred because of the reduced chance of root rot caused by Phytophthora . Exclusion & sanitation An important part of plant disease prevention is to avoid the introduction of pathogen inoculum to an uninfested area . Tools , farming machinery, containers, media, or planting material contaminated with soil from off-site should be cleaned and disinfested before use

12. Resistant varieties To date, no superior pineapple varieties with acceptable resistance to HEART ROT are available. ‘MD-2’ , a hybrid of predominantly ‘Smooth Cayenne’ parentage, exhibits the greatest resistance when environmental conditions favor plant growth, but not when conditions favor the pathogen. Disease-free planting material Do not transplant pineapple plants displaying symptoms of root or heart rot.

13. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Application of beneficial microorganisms using Indigenous Microorganisms ( IMOs) and Actively Aerated Compost Teas ( AACTs) may be beneficial, depending on the site used and the cost of such practices. Though existing microorganisms compete with Phytophthora CHEMICAL CONTROL Bordeaux mixture(1%) spray reduces the disease Spraying two common systemic fungicides used against Pythium and Phytophthora are Ridomil ( mefenoxam ) and Fosphite ( phosphonate ) are gives good results Preparation of 1% Bordeaux mixture (1:1:100 ) Copper sulphate - 1 kg, Q uick lime- 1 kg, Water-100 litres

14. References Agrios , G. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th edition. Elsevier Academic Press. San Diego, CA Arjunan.G . Karthikeyan , G, Dinakaran ,D. Raguchander,T . 1999 Diseases of Horticultural Crops, AE Publications, Coimbatore . Pathak V.N. 1980. Diseases of Fruit crops –. Oxford and IBH publishing Co.Pvt.Limited .

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