Heat Transfer Applications

Heat Transfer Applications
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes.
Introduction
Applications
References
conclusion

1. PRESENTED BY :
1.ANKUSH SHARMA - 20
2.PURVESH RODE - 52
3.SANGEET KHULE - 60
4.SANNIDHYA SHEGAONKAR - 61
SHRI RAMDEOBABA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject : Heat Transfer (MET 352)
Heat Transfer Applications
1/65

2. 1.INTRODUCTION
2.APPLICATIONS
3.REFERENCES
4.CONCLUSION



CONTENTS :

3. Modes of Heat flow
Three methods of heat flow are :
1)Conduction : It is the process heat transfer through a
medium without any movement of the medium.

2)Convection : It is the transfer of heat frpm one place to
another by movement of fluids.

3)Radiation : It is the transfer of heat in form of waves,
without a medium.

4. Fig 1

5. Radiator [1]
The radiators work on the principle of convection
Radiators draw heat from water or steam and use that heat
to warm up surrounding air.
 It can be used to heat up a room.
 Radiators are made from metal because it is an excellent
conductor of heat.
Hot water or steam travels through the radiator and the
exterior fins naturally heat up over time. As those fins heat
up, the surrounding air heats up as well.

6. Radiator
Fig 2
Ref [2]

7. Radiator

8. Air Conditioner
The process of cooling air in air-conditioners
employs the principle of convection.
 The air which is cold is released by the air-
conditioners.
 This cold air is denser than the warm air, hence, it
sinks. The warm air, being less dense, rises and is
drawn in by the air-conditioner.
 As a result, a convection current is set up and the
room is cooled.

9. AC
Fig : 3

10. Hot air balloon
 Heat transfer type - Convection heat transfer
A hot air balloon rises in the air with the help of
burners installed in it.
The transfer of heat here is of convection type.it
rises high in the sky because warmer air is less
dense than cool air.
 Since the balloon is less dense than the air
around it, it becomes positively buoyant. From
large burners located above the basket.

11. Hot air balloon
In hot air balloon , convection is the transfer of heat
energy via the vertical movement of the air.
A heat source at the bottom of the balloon heats the
air molecules around the flame, and those molecules
rise.
 Warmer air is less dense than cold air, so as the
warm air rises the molecules spread out. The cold air
is pushed downward, where it is also heated
The swirling movement of the warmer air as it rises
continues to increase the temperature of the air
around it.

12. Hot air balloon
Fig 4
Fig 5

13. Melting of ICE
The melting of ice is example of convection.
The temperature of the surface or boundary of ice
increases as warm air blows over the surface, which
is at a higher temperature as compared to the
ice,flows underneath it.
As the temperature of the surface or boundary of ice
alters, the ice melts.

14. Electric Iron
Heat tranfer type – Conduction
An electric Iron is a general household appliance
used to press the wrinkles out of the clothes. This
works on the basis that the combination of heat
and pressure removes wrinkles.

The basic principle on which the electric iron
works is that when a current is passed through a
piece of wire, the wire heats up. This heat is
distributed to the sole (base) plate of the electric
iron through conduction.

15. Heater element
Mode of heat transfer here is through a material
called Nichrome
Nichrome does not oxidize and burn easily at high
temperature
Thus it does not melt even when a large amount of
heat is produced due to passage of current.
It has higher resisistivity and consequently a
higher resistance. Therefore, it will resist the flow
of charges more, and lead to development of heat
faster.

16. Electric iron
Fig 6

17. Air cooled engines[3]
An air cooled engine release the heat to the atmosphere
through the mode of forced convection.
 Fins are provided on the outer surface of the cylinder
block of the engine.
The fins allows the cooling wind over its surface and
transfer heat from fins surface to the air.
 This is facilitated with metal fins covering the outside of
the Cylinder Head and cylinders which increase the
surface area that air can act on.
 Air may be force fed with the use of a fan and shroud to
achieve efficient cooling.
 Air cooled engines usually run noisier and is usually
cheaper to be maintained.

18. Air cooled engines
Fig 7
Fig 8

19. Water cooled engines[3]
Water cooled engines follows the mode of convection
heat transfer.
Engines in vehicles like cars are cooled by water jackets.
The running engine eventually heats the surrounding
water.
 In order to keep the engine running, the water must be
cooled down.
 The heated water in cooled down by using fans around
the engine.
 Once the water cools down, it flows back into the engine.

20. Water cooled engines
Fig 9

21. Sea/Land Breezes
The formation of sea and land breeze follows Heat transfer
through convection.
The molecules at a higher temperature displace the ones at a
lower temperature.
In the afternoon, the surface of the land near the sea is
warmer as compared to in the evening.
 Convection causes the air to heat and hence rise.
This warm air near the land is readily replaced by the cool air
resulting in ―Sea Breeze.‖
 When its night, the tendency of land to cool down is more.
The air above the sea water is warm and rises up. Once this air
rises, it is replaced by the cool air from the land, which is
commonly referred to as ―Land Breeze.‖

22. Breezes
Fig 10

23. Laptops
Heat transfer enhancing devices are necessary to
reduce the temperature of a laptop CPU
Poorly designed thermal management system will
result in high operating temperatures for electronic
equipment, leading to many potential problems or
even premature failures.
A set of extended fin structures cannot be use
here because of limited space in laptops.

24. Heat Pipe
Material used here is copper to make heat pipes
A heat pipe is a condenser-evaporator system in a
simple form as a hollow tube with layers of wire
screens along the wall to serve as a wick.
They are Hollow cylindrical pipes filled with a small
amount of fluid that evaporates to produce heat.
This heat is then rejected from another end for its
application on industrial processes.
Modern CPU heat pipes are typically made of copper
and use water as the working fluid. They are common
in many consumer electronics like desktops, laptops.

25. Copper is usually used to replace iron piping primarily
because of the corrosion that occurs in iron pipe over time.

Copper is a cheap, plentiful metal with lots of useful
properties: It resists corrosion and is an excellent
conductor of heat.

26. Heat pipes
Fig 11

27. Microwave oven
Microwave radiation utilizes short, high-frequency waves
that penetrate food, which agitates its water molecules to
create friction and transfer heat. If we are heating a solid
substance, this heat energy is transferred throughout the
food through conduction, while liquids do so through
convection.
Microwaves can only penetrate approximately 1 centimeter
(0.39 in) into most foods. The inside portions of thicker
foods are mainly heated by heat conducted from the outer 1
centimeter which is heated by radiation.

28. Material used as heater element: Nichrome
Nichrome is the most resistance wire heating element, by
using nichrome 80/20 (80% nickel, 20% chromium) wire,
ribbon, or strip.
 Nichrome 80/20 is an ideal material, because it has
relatively high resistance and forms an adherent layer of
chromium oxide when it is heated for the first time.
Material beneath this layer will not oxidize, preventing the
wire from breaking or burning out.

29. Coil in oven
Fig 12

30. Nichrome 80/20
Fig 13

31. ELECTRIC HEATER
Electric heating coils transfer energy into heat in a variety of heating
applications. They’re an important part of many industrial heating
solutions as well as it has household application

The coil may be exposed or covered, depending on its application.
Space HeatingCoil Heater Element

APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC HEATER
oDuct Heating
oPipe Heating
oMetal Tubing
oTank Heating
oForced Air
oOvens,etc

32. MATERIAL USED [5]
Nichrome
Iron-Chromium-Aluminum alloy.
Silicon Carbide (SiC)
Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2)

33. MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA [6]
The most common Nickel-based coil material is nichrome. Nichrome is
an alloy containing 80% Nickel and 20% Chrome. Nichrome is
predominantly used in high-temperature applications up to 1250℃.
Advantages including:
oOxidation Resistant
oReliable Resistance
oHigh Melting Point
oMinimal Expansion When Heated
Iron-based may also be used for this purpose. Most commonly an Iron-
Chromium-Aluminum alloy. This alloy costs less than nickel but is
more prone to corrosion.
Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Molybdenum Disilicide (MoSi2) heating coils
are more expensive but offer higher temperatures and longer lifespans.
SiC is capable of heating up to 1600℃ and MoSi2 can reach as high as
1800℃.

34. DESIRABLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
It should have high resistivity so that a small length of wire is
required to produce a given amount of heat.
It should have high melting point so that high temperature
may be obtained.
It should not oxidize at high temperature to ensure long life.
It should have high specific resistance so that overall length
may be smaller to produce a certain amount of heat.
It should have low temperature coefficient so that resistance
remains appreciably constant even with increase of
temperature. This helps in accurate control of temperature.
It should be non-corrosive
It should be economical

35. .
Fig 14
Fig 15

36. .
Fig 16
Fig 17

37. HEAT EXCHANGERS [8]
Heat exchangers are devices designed to transfer heat
between two or more fluids—i.e., liquids, vapors, or
gases—of different temperatures.
Heat exchangers are commonly used in various
processes such as chemical, fertilizer, petrochemical,
fossil and nuclear power production, refrigeration,
desalination and other.

Heat Transfer Mechanism
oThere are two types of heat transfer mechanisms
employed by heat exchangers—single-phase or two-
phase heat transfer.

38. MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Thermal efficiency
Cost, availability
Corrosion resistance
Cleanability
Durability

MATERIAL USED
In Steam generator tubing material for Nuclear plants
oHeat treated Inconel 600 wire
oIncoloy 800
oMonel 400
oStainless steel 304
oStainless steel 316/316L

39. DESIRABLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
High heat transfer coefficient
Low coefficient of thermal expansion and fit with the materials used
in tubesheet, tube support and shell to resist thermal cycling.
Good tensile and creep characteristics
Good fatigue and corrosion fatigue and creep-fatigue behavior
High fatigue toughness and impact strength to prevent fast cracking

Corrosion resistance
oNominal corrosion rate to decrease the attack
oResistance to corrosion from off normal composition caused by leak
in upstream heat exchanger or failure in the chemistry control
oWithstand chemistry developed by mixing shell and tube fluids

40. Diagrams
Fig 18
Fig 19

41. Heat exchanger
Fig 20

42. BUILDING INSULATION MATERIALS [10]
Building insulation materials are the building materials which form the thermal
envelope of a building or otherwise reduce heat transfer.

Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic
materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural
contribution (insulating concrete forms, structured panels, and straw bales),
functional mode (conductive, radiative, convective), resistance to heat transfer,
environmental impacts, and more.

MATERIAL USED
Spray foam
Insulating concrete forms
Rigid panels
Structural insulated panels
Fiberglass batts and blankets (glass wool)
Reflective insulation and radiant barriers
Aerogels,etc

43. MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Thermal conductivity
Moisture sensitivity
Compressive strength
Ease of installation
Durability – resistance to degradation from
compression, moisture, decomposition, etc.
Ease of replacement at end of life
Cost effectiveness
Toxicity
Flammability
Environmental impact and sustainability

44. Insulating materials
Fig 21
Fig 22

45. SPACESHIPS [11]
Space ships need to be solid for safety, but they also
need to be light so that they have a better chance of
escaping earth's graitational pull with less fuel or
propellant, which is heavy and expensive on its own.
Aluminum ,aluminum and titanium alloys composite
materials are used on spacecraft. Aluminum is light
but also very sturdy.
The space shuttle also had very special thermal
protection tiles, which helped it survive the heat of re-
entry. They are made a ceramic composite, with the
bottom of the tiles made from a carbon composite to
provide for the most heat protection.

46. MATERIAL USED IN OUTER LAYER OF
SPACECRAFT
Reinforced carbon–carbon (RCC)
Aerogels
Organic polymers
Phenolic-impregnated carbon ablators
Powder-filled insulating layers
Each shuttle is covered by more than 24,000 of the six- by
six-inch blocks. Most of the tiles are made of silica fibers,
which are produced from high-grade sand. Silica is an
excellent insulator because it transports heat slowly. When
the outer portion of a tile gets hot, the heat takes a long
time to work its way down through the rest of the tile to the
shuttle’s skin. The tiles keep the orbiter’s aluminum skin at
350 degrees or less.

47. MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Number of Launches
Survivability of Space Environment
Radiation
Magnetic Influences
Plasma Fields
Thermal Differentials
Near Zero Atmospheric Pressure
Traveling Debris
Structural Support

48. DESIRABLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
The flexible
Reusable
Lightweight
Thermal properties will conserve energy
Reduce repair costs
Save lives

49. .

50. FURNACE
High-temperature metallic materials or alloys used in process
heating equipment(furnaces, heaters, ovens, kilns, etc.) have
significant effect on thermal efficiency,productivity and
operating cost of the equipment. These materials are used
inburners, electrical heating elements, material handling, load
support, and heatertubes, etc
MATERIAL USED
oStainless steel
oAluminized steel
oAluminum
oBrass
oCopper
oFiberglass.

51. MATERIAL SELECTION CRITERIA
Operating Temperature
Thermal Stability
Strength
Oxidation
Carburization
Sulfidation
Fabricability
Design
Thermal Expansion
Molten Metals
Galling

52. DESIRABLE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
1. Ability to withstand high temperature.
2. Ability to withstand temperature fluctuation.
3. Ability to withstand the actions of processing materials and
product of combustion.
4. Ability to withstand load under high temperature.
5. Ability to withstand impact and abrasion of solid, liquid and
dust laden gases moving with high
speed.
6. The refractory material should be volume stable.
7. It should not contaminate the finished product.
8. The refractory material should have low co-efficient of
thermal expansion.
9. It should not conduct much heat.

53. Furnace[9]
Fig 23
Fig 24

54. Kitchen Utensils
Heat tranfer type – Conduction
•Heat transfer is a very important aspect of the cooking
process. Heating food destroys potentially harmful bacteria
and other microorganisms, which makes food safe to eat
and easier to digest.

• When food or liquids become hot, their molecules absorb
energy, begin vibrating rapidly, and start to bounce off of
each other.

•As they collide, heat energy is produced and transferred,
which warms and cooks our food.

55. Utensils are use for cooking purposes.
The type of heat transfer in this application is Conduction.
Conduction is the process of heat being transferred between objects
through direct contact, and it's the most common type of heat transfer.
One of the most readily available and popular for cooking is stainless
steel

 reason why stainless steel is more popular even having low
conductivity of heat then copper and aluminium is that It is non-
reactive, unlike aluminum, it's one of the most durable, versatile, and
worry-free metals available.

some of the Common Cookware Materials are Stainless Steel, Copper,
Aluminum, Carbon Steel, Cast Iron.

In which copper and aluminium has highest Thermal conductivity.

56. Refrigerator
 A similar device that maintains a temperature below the
freezing point of water is called a freezer.
 A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees
above the freezing point of water.
A refrigerator consists of a thermally
insulated compartment and a heat pump that transfers
heat from its inside to its external environment so that its
inside is cooled to a temperature below the room
temperature.
Applications: Refrigeration has many applications,
including household refrigerators, industrial
freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning.

57. Material selection for refrigeration
As refrigeration system is used make the temperature
of the system low so we have to differentiate the
system and surrounding with some material which
have really good insulating properties.
Polyurethane rigid foam is the mostly used insulating
material for refrigerators and freezers.
One of the main reason to use Polyurethane as the
insulation is efficiency is very good. This property of
polyurethane foams is a key for the low temperature
preservation of food during processing, storage and
distribution to the consumer.

58. Thermos

A thermos is a container that is used to keep
items—usually food or drinks—hot or cold
over a period of time. It uses thermal
insulation to prevent or inhibit the transfer of
thermal energy from one area to another.
There are mainly two types of thermos i.e.
simple thermos bottles (insulating material
inside) and vaccum bottles

59. Thermos
Fig 25
Fig 26

60. Material selection
For restricting the heat flow we have to choose the
material which have good insulation properties.
Most of the time fome and vaccum is used as
insulating material.

61. Condensers
A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
gaseous substance into a liquid state through cooling.
In so doing, the latent heat is released by the
substance and transferred to the surrounding
environment.
Applications: Condensers are used in air conditioning,
industrial chemical processes such as distillation,
steam power plants and other heat-exchange
systems.

62. Material selection
Condenser pipe should have good thermal
conductivity
It must have good corrosion resistive property.
It should have ability to prevent natural chemical or
electro-chemical attack by atmosphere, moisture or
other agents.
The most common tube materials in a condenser
are copper–nickel alloys, brass, titanium, stainless
steel, and ferritic stainless steel.

63. Transformer
A transformer is a passive electrical device that
transfers electrical energy from one electrical
circuit to another.
A transformer's output power is less than its input
power.
The difference is the amount of power converted
into heat by core loss and winding losses.
 A combination of radiation and convection
dissipate this heat from the exposed surfaces of
the transformer.

64. Material selection
This transformer is cooled down by
1. By the conduction through oil from coil to outer
surface
2. Then by natural convection through outer
surface with the help of fins
Hence the material should have good thermal
conductivity and convectivity.
Aluminium, stainless stell are some material used
for outer surface of transformer

65. Conclusion
Analysis of a design and subjecting it to real working
conditions using FEA Analysis and CFD Analysis
techniques helps identify the shortcomings and
hence identify material properties that need to be
altered and improved.
 This process thus helps choose the best material that
augments your designs durability, performance and
output.
Ideal material selection is crucial to ensure that the
product does not fail in extreme conditions and
performs well in unpredictable conditions.

66. References
[1] Kay, Thornton (14 March 2016). "A peculiar kind of apparatus, which I call a
radiator".
[2] Johnny Acton; Tania Adams; Matt Packer (2006). Origin of Everyday
Things. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 205. ISBN 1402743025.
[3] Sloan, Alfred P. (1964), McDonald, John (ed.), My Years with General Motors,
Garden City, NY, US: Doubleday, LCCN 64011306, OCLC 802024. Republished in 1990
with a new introduction by Peter Drucker (ISBN 978-0385042352).
[4] University of Wisconsin. Sea and Land Breezes. Archived2012-07-04 at the Wayback
Machine Retrieved on 2006-10-24.

67. Reference Links
[5] https://www.wattco.com/2018/07/electric-heating-coils-selection-design/
[6] http://zenmuralinotes.weebly.com/types-and-properties-of-a-good-heating-element.html
[7] https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/process-equipment/understanding-heat-
exchangers/#:~:text=While%20metals%20are%20highly%20suitable,greater%20advantages%20dep
ending%20on%20the
[8] https://www.enerquip.com/2019/12/02/heat-exchanger-material-selection/
[9] http://www.idc-
online.com/technical_references/pdfs/mechanical_engineering/Criteria_for_Furnace_Design_and_
Selection_of_Refractories.pdf

[10] https://technology.nasa.gov/materials_and_coatings/mat-insulations.html
[11] https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/what-metals-are-used-spaceships-and-why

68. .
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