Heavy water

project

1. Deuterium oxide
( D
2O )

2. WHAT IS A HEAVY WATER ?
INTRODUCTION OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE .
•PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DEAUTERIUM OXIDE.
PRODUCTION OF HEAVY WATER.
 Hydrogen Sulfide-Water chemicalExchange
EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM .
EFFECT ON ANIMAL
EFFECT ON HUMAN
EFFECT ON PLANT
USE OF HEAVY WATER .
CANDU REACTOR .

3. •Heavy water is a form of water that contains a larger than
normal amount of the hydrogen isotope deuterium, rather
than the common hydrogen-1 isotope that makes up most
of the hydrogen in normal water.
•water in which the hydrogen in
the molecules is partly or wholly
replaced by the isotope deuterium
or tritium.
•The presence of Deuterium gives the water different
nuclear properties, and the increase of mass gives it slightly
different physical and chemical properties when compared
to normal water.

4. DEUTERIUMOXIDE
•Deuterium is a hydrogen isotope with a nucleus
containing aneutronand aproton the nucleus of a protium
(normal hydrogen) atom consists of just a proton. The
additional neutron makes a deuterium atom roughly twice
as heavy as aprotiumatom.
•Heavy water was first produced in 1932, a few months
after the discovery of deuterium.With the discovery
ofnuclear fissionin late 1938, and the need for aneutron
moderatorthat captured few neutrons, heavy water became
a component of earlynuclear energy research. Since then,
heavy water has been an essential component in some
types of reactors, both those that generate power and those
designed to produce isotopes for nuclear weapons.

5. •Heavy water has a colorless appearance at STP.
•At room temperatures, it exists as an odourless liquid.
•Since the density of D
2O is approximately 11% greater
than that of H
2O, an ice cube made of deuterium oxide will
sink in normal water.
•Heavy water forms ahomogeneous mixturewhen mixed
with normal water.
•At a given temperature, the concentration of D
+
ions in a
D
2O sample is generally lower than the concentration of
H
+
ions in an H
2O sample.
Types of Heavy Water
Semi-Heavy Water (HDO)
Heavy-Oxygen Water
Tritiated Water (replaced tritium) T
2O

6. Semi heavy water
Semi heavy water, HDO, exists whenever there is water with light
hydrogen (protium,
1
H) and deuterium (D or
2
H) in the mix. This is
because hydrogen atoms (hydrogen-1 and deuterium) are rapidly
exchanged between water molecules. Water containing 50% H and 50%
D in its hydrogen actually contains about 50% HDO and 25% each
ofH
2OandD
2O, indynamic equilibrium.
Heavy-oxygen water
Water enriched in the heavier oxygen isotopes
17
Oand
18
Ois also
commercially available, e.g., foruse as a non-radioactive isotopic tracer.
It is "heavy water" as it is denser than normal water (H
2
18
Ois
approximately as dense asD
2O,H
2
17
Ois about halfway
betweenH
2OandD
2O)—but is rarely called heavy water, since it does
not contain the deuterium that gives D
2O its unusual nuclear and
biological properties. It is more expensive than D
2O due to the more
difficult separation of
17
O and
18
O.H
2
18
O is also used for production
offluorine18forradiopharmaceuticals andradiotracers and
forpositron emission tomography.
Tritiated water
Tritiated watercontainstritium(
3
H) in place of protium (
1
H) or
deuterium (
2
H), and therefore it is radioactive.

7. PROPERTIES OF DEUTERIUM OXIDE
WATER DEUTERIUM
OXIDE
ATOMICWEIGHT 18.01528g/mol 20.0276g/mol
BOILING POINT (25 ℃) 100°C 101.4°C
DENSITY 997kg/m³ 1 105.9kg/m³
FREEZINGPOINT (25 ℃) 0°C 3.8°C
MOLECULAR STRUSTURE

8. PRODUCTION OF HEAVY WATER
Total cumulative global production of heavy water more
than 95% can be attributed to chemical exchange process ,
around to the 4.5% cryogenic distillation of hydrogen and
the remaining to electrolytic or other process.
Heavy watercan be made using hydrogen sulfide-
waterchemical exchange, in a all process in more use.
Hydrogen Sulfide-WaterExchange -In a mixture of
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) andwaterat chemical equilibrium,
the concentration of deuterium inwateris greater than the
concentration in H2S.

9. Consists of two sieve tray columns.
One column is maintained at 30°C
and is called the cold tower and the
other at 130°C and is called the
hot tower .
The enrichment process is based on
the difference in separation between 30°C
and 130°C .
Water flows down the towers whiles the
hydrogen sulphides gas circulates from
the bottom to the top of the towers .
H2O+HDS⇌HDO+H2S
The product of the last stage , water
Enriched up to 30% in deuterium , is sent to a
distillation unit to produce reactor grade
heavy water (ex : 99.75%)

10. EFFECT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Heavy water is the only known chemical substance that
affects the period ofcircadian oscillations, consistently
increasing the length of each cycle. The effect is seen in
unicellular organisms, green plants, isopods, insects, birds,
and mice.
Effect in Animal
High concentrations ofheavy water(90%) rapidly kill fish,
tadpoles, flatworms, and Drosophila. Mammals (for
example, rats) givenheavy waterto drink die after a week,
at a time when their bodywaterapproaches about 50%
deuteration.

11. Toxicity in human
The degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison)
can harmhumans. ... Chronictoxicityis the ability of a
substance or mixture of substances to cause harmful
effects over an extended period, usually upon repeated or
continuous exposure, sometimes lasting for the entire life of
the exposed organism.
Because it would take a very large amount of heavy water
to replace 25% to 50% of a human being's body water
(water being in turn 50–75% of body weight) with heavy
water, accidental or intentionalpoisoningwith heavy water
is unlikely to the point of practical disregard. Poisoning
would require that the victim ingest large amounts of heavy
water without significant normal water intake for many
days to produce any noticeable toxic effects.

12. Effect on plant
Been plants grown from seed given increasing fractions
of heavy water shows stunted growth compared with control
plants given normal water
Chemical reaction of heavy water are slower than
those of ordinary water.
Anthony Salvagno
,

13. USE OF HEAVY WATER
•Heavy Water is used for the preparation of Deuterium.
•As a tracer to study the mechanism of respiration,
photosynthesis.
•D
2O is used in NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
spectroscopy, which is used to observe the magnetic fields
around the nuclei of atoms.
•As a moderator in the nuclear reactor to slow down the
neutrons. Since it can slow down the fast-moving neutrons
so that they can react with the
235
U isotope instead of
the
238
U isotope.
•The metabolic rate in humans and animals is tested with
the help of a mixture of D
2O and heavy-oxygen water.

14. CANDU REACTOR
TheCANDU(Canada Deuterium Uranium) is a
Canadian pressurized heavy-waterreactordesign used to
generate electric power. The acronym refers to its
deuterium oxide (heavy water) moderator and its use of
(originally, natural) uranium fuel.
The availability factor ofIndianreactors was 69.4% in
the years 2015-2017. ... nuclear power plant in Rajasthan;
the reactor would be based on theCANDUreactorat
Douglas Point and would generate 200 MW per hour of
energy.
here be the heavy water is use in one type of moderator
and that to steam to uranium cell to generate to electric
energy by candioun reactor .

15. As a PHWR, theCANDU reactor uses heavy wateras
the moderator. The advantage of usingheavy wateras a
moderator is that it absorbs fewer neutrons than
lightwater. This allows theuseof natural uranium
(0.711%
235
U) instead of enriched uranium (2–5%
235
U) for
fuel.

16. REFFERENCE …..
HEAVY WATER
BY
SHARAD M.DAVE
THANK YOU