Hepatitis A & B

this presentation about hepatitis A and B

1. HEPATITIS A & B Submitted by M.Narayani II Msc Microbiology

2. HEPATITIS Hepatitis is an inflamation of liver The condition can be self-limiting or can progress to fibrosis cirrhosis or liver cancer Hepatitis viruses are mostly cause hepatitis but other infection ,toxic substance[ eg.alcohol,certain drugs],auto immune diseases can also cause hepatitis A heterogeneous group of viruses called hepatotrophic viruses cause viral hepatitis and damage to liver

3. TYPES OF HEPATITIS Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Hepatitis D virus Hepatitis E virus

4. These 5 types are of greatest concern because of the burden of illness & death they cause & potential for outbreaks & epidemic spread Hepatitis A & E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water Hepatitis B,C,D occurs as a result of parental contact with infected body fluids Also transmission from recepient of contaminated blood or blood products,mother to baby,family members to child & sexual contact

5. HEPATITIS A VIRUS Hepatitis type A is a subacute diseaseof global distribution Mainly occurs in children and young adults The term “infectious hepatitis” was coined in 1912 HAV was first demonstrated by Feinstone and co-workers during the year 1973 It is a 27 nm non- enveloped,symmetrical (+) RNA, with icosahedral symmetry Its characters mimic picornavirus family It is non- cytopatheic when grown in cell culture The HAV genome comprises about 7500 nucleotides It can withstand 60 ⁰c for 1 hour and 100⁰c for 1 min The virus is inactivated by formaldehyde & chlorine It is not affected by non-ionic detergents It survives at 4⁰c or even much coolar temperatures

6. PATHOGENESIS

7. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Isolation of virus in tissue culture requires prolonged adaptation Immunoelectron microscopy Complement fixation Immune adherence haemagglutination Radioimmunoassay Enzyme immunoassay

8. Control and Treatment Improvement of sanitation Prevention of faecal contamination Prevention of direct contact with infected individuals Inactivated vaccine  through intramuscular route

9. Attenuated vaccine  administrated orally Consumption of water from safe water sources Avoidance of uncovered food or beverages from street vendors Avoidance of fruits, salads,or un cooked vegetables that have not been washed or treated in boiled water.

10. HEPATITIS B VIRUS HBV cause a type of hepatitis called serum hepatitis It is an important cause of acute and chronic infection of liver HBV infection cause more than million deaths per year In 1965,Blumberg reported protein antigen in the serum of an Australian patient This antigen was called Australian antigen This was found to be hepatitis surface antigens ( HBsAg )

11. HBV is a 42-nm spherical virus There are three envelope polypeptides that are called as HBsAg , HBcAg , and HBeAg HBV belongs to the family Hepadnaviridae The nucleocapsid of the virion consists of the viral genome surrounded by the core antigen The virus is stable at 37 ⁰c for 60 min The virus does not grow in tissue culture medium

12. PATHOGENESIS

13. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Several type of blood tests are recommended for diagnosis of hepatitis Liver enzyme test Blood levels of liver enzymes Detection of hepatitis B antigens ELISA test

14. CONTROL MEASURES Prevention is possible by active and passive immunization Two types of vaccine Recombinant HB vaccine synthesized from yeast cells Plasma –derived vaccine A booster dose is recommented at 5 years of age

15. TREATMENT HBV are treated with interferon It blocks the entry of virus into the cells In recent years interferon is prescribed in combination with ribavirin Interferon stimulates the body’s natural defence During IFN treatment, the following side effects are observed: Bodyaache,fatigue,diarrhoea , nausea,discomfort,loss of appetite

16. REFFERENCE

17. THANK YOU