Hepatitis B and its vaccine in infants with mcqs

Hepatitis B Overview: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that primarily affects the liver, causing both acute and chronic diseases. It is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids such as blood, semen, or vaginal secretions. Symptoms may include jaundice, fatigue, nausea, and abdominal pain. Chronic Hepatitis B can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

Prevention with Vaccine: The Hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective method of prevention. It is typically given in a series of three injections over six months. The vaccine is safe, highly effective, and recommended for infants at birth, healthcare workers, and those at higher risk of infection.

Global Impact: Hepatitis B remains a major global health issue, but widespread vaccination programs have significantly reduced new infections, especially in children.

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Hepatitis B
vaccine

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Shetty Lakshita
Roll No:95

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2. INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis B is a serious viral
infection that primarily affects the
liver, leading to both acute and
chronic disease. It is a global
health issue, with millions of
people worldwide at risk of
complications such as liver
cirrhosis, liver failure and liver

cancer Y

3. DISEASE
CAUSED BY:

Hepatitis B virus which is a
DNA virus belonging to family
Hepadnaviridae. Its structure
is unique and consists of :

MAIN FEATURES ia

HBC ANTIGEN
NUCLEIC ACID Helps in viral assembly
Contains double stranded and replication.
DNA
HBE ANTIGEN Ss
HBS ANTIGEN

Indicates active viral
replication and high
infectivity

Helps in attachment and
entry. Acts as a serological
marker

4. HOW DO PATHOGENS SPREAD?

Ban a (ks e HS De
! ,'| £ i ft yf y

Unprotected Infected Blood Mother
sex Needle Transfusion to baby

5. CLINICAL FEATURES : Dern)

Acute phase + Fatigue.
+ Loss of appetite hing
« Nausea and vomiting
« Myalgia

Flustike symptoms,
fatigue lever

Icteric phase * Jaundice
+ Dark urine

« Clay coloured stools
+ itching

, nausea, vomiting
Chronic phase . Upper abdominal discomfort E
+ Jaundice y
Y: x
À Your health care provider will
examine you and do a blood

{est to ind antibody tothe virus.
2.

6. =
Pp Vaccination: all infants, children who
revention © have not been vaccinated.

© Avoid sharing needles Ss A
O Screening of blood products ù

7. < * HOW THE VACCINE HELPS IN REDUCING DISEASE BURDEN

Protects against
serious complication.

Provides long term
protection

Prevention of vertical
transmission by
vaccination at birth

Reduced healthcare
costs and
hospitalisation

8. THE VACCINE IS AVAILABLE AS

Monovalent Combination
vaccine
With Hepatitis A
Single dose or DTwP and Hib
multiple vials DTaP with or without Hib

Hepatitis B virus vaccine contains the surface antigen
HBsAg, produced by recombinant DNA technology in
yeast, adsorbed on aluminium salt as an adjuvant.

9. IF MOTHER IS A

HEPATITIS B All infants within 12 hours of birth

hepatitis B vaccine + HBIG

POSITIVE
22 kg BW | <2 kg BW
Subsequent Required
vaccine doses vaccine
at 1-2 months doses at birth,
and 6 months 1, 2 and 6 months
of age HBV (a total of 4 doses)

For newborns of HBsAg positive mothers, recombinant yeast Hepatitis B
vaccine 10microgram/0.5ml + HBIG 100IU should be administered
within 12 hours of birth

10. Vaccination dose and schedule in
infants

[ Box 10.7: Herarms B Vaccine

Dose, route 0.5 mL (10 pg); 1 mi. (20 pag) in adults’; intramuscular

Site Anterolateral thigh or deltoid; avoid gluteal region

Schedule

National program At birth, 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks

JAP 2021 As above; ideally, a gap of 24 weeks between the first two doses; 28 weeks between doses 2 and 3; and

216 weeks between the first and final doses, with the final dose given at 26 months of age?

Catch up Three doses at 0, 1 and 6 months; preferred gaps as detailed above

Adverse reactions Local soreness; fever; fatigue

Contraindication Anaphylaxis after previous dose

Storage 2-8°C; do not freeze

11. +
< COMMON MYTHS REGARDING THE
VACCINATION

+ Myth: Infants don't need Hepatitis B vaccine because they are not at risk.
Fact: Hepatitis B can be transmitted from mother to baby during childbirth. Without
vaccination, about 90% of the infected infants at birth will develop chronic hepatitis.

+ Myth: Breastfeeding mothers can pass immunity to their babies, so the vaccine isn't
necessary.
Fact: While breastfeeding provides many health benefits, it does not protect against Hepatitis B
Vaccine is necessary to ensure the infant is protected from the virus

« Myth: Infants can be vaccinated later when they're older.
Fact: Vaccinating at birth is crucial because the earlier the infant contracts Hepatitis B, the
more likely they are to develop chronic, lifelong infections. Delaying vaccination puts the child at
risk when they are the most vulnerable.

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12. MCQs

1) What is the primary purpose of the Hepatitis B
Vaccine?

a
b
€
d

To prevent liver cirrhosis

To prevent Hepatitis B infection
To treat chronic Hepatitis B

To cure liver cancer

& © SES

13. 2. What is the minimum recommended age for the
first dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine?

a) At birth
b)6 months
c)lyear
d)5 years

14. 3. How many doses of the Hepatitis B vaccine
typically required for complete protection?

a) 1
b) 2
e) 3
d) 4