HEPATITIS EDITED for 2023 cohort - Copy.ppt

Hepatitis

1. MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING II
GIT DISORDERS

2. HEPATITIS
2023 COHORT
5
TH
SEPTEMBER, 2024
PRESENTED BY KAREN NSANDU

3. LEARNING OUTCOMES
•Define hepatitis
•Explain epidemiology of hepatitis
•Mention causative organisms for hepatitis
•Explain diagnostic procedures hepatitis for
•List signs and symptoms of hepatitis
•Explain management hepatitis of patients suffering from
•Outline Prognosis
•List complications

4. INTRODUCTION
•Hepatitis is a medical condition characterized
by the inflammation of the liver.
•It can be caused by various factors, including
viral infections, excessive alcohol
consumption, toxins, certain medications, and
autoimmune diseases.
•The condition can be acute or chronic.

5. Types of Hepatitis
1. Hepatitis A:
•Caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
•Transmitted through contaminated food or
water.
•Typically a mild, acute infection that resolves
on its own.
•Preventable by vaccine

6. ct
2. Hepatitis B:
•Caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
•Transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and
from mother to child during childbirth.
•Can be acute or chronic, with chronic infection
leading to liver cirrhosis or liver cancer.
•Preventable by vaccination.

7. 3. Hepatitis C
Caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
•Primarily transmitted through blood (e.g.,
sharing needles).
•Often leads to chronic infection, which can
cause serious liver damage.
•No vaccine is available, but it can be treated
with antiviral medications.

8. 4. Hepatitis D:
•Caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV).
•Only occurs in individuals already infected with
hepatitis B.
•Transmitted through blood and sexual contact.
•Can be more severe and lead to chronic liver
disease.

9. 5. Hepatitis E:
•Caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV).
•Transmitted through contaminated water.
•Usually an acute infection, with a higher risk of
severe illness in pregnant women.
•Preventable by proper sanitation and hygiene.

10. EPIDEMIOLOGY
•Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) causes approximately half of
viral hepatitis
•In children approximately 70% to 80% of all new cases
of viral hepatitis are related to Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)

11. EPIDEMIOLOGY CT…
•5% to 30% are related to Hepatitis B
Virus (HBV)
•5% to 15% are related to Hepatitis C
Virus (HCV)
•Hepatitis E Virus could be contracted due
to travelling to endemic areas

12. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
•Blood to detect antibodies for hepatitis
A, B, C or D
• The prothrombin time should be done
because it is a good predictor of severe
hepatocellular injury and can detect
degree of progression and also degree of
hepatic failure

13. DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
•Maternal Hepatitis status always should be
determined when Hepatitis B Virus
infection is diagnosed in infants younger
than 1 year old because of the likelihood of
vertical transmission.
•Hepatitis B antigen appears in the serum
with acute Hepatitis B Virus infection

14. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
•Many other viral infections may cause
hepatitis as part of systemic infection
(chickenpox, herpes simplex and
adenoviruses
• Bacterial infections that may cause hepatitis
include E. coli sepsis and leptospirosis
• Patients with cholecystitis, cholangitis and
choledo-cholithiasis may present with acute
symptoms and jaundice

15. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
•Other causes of acute liver disease in
childhood include drugs such as isoniazid,
phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine,
oral contraceptives and acetaminophen)
•Toxins such as ethanol, mushroom
poisoning, Wilson disease, metabolic
disease (galactosemia, tyrosinemia), α
1
-
antitrypsin deficiency, tumor, shock,
anoxia, and graft-versus-host disease

16. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
•Fatigue
•Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and
eyes)
•Nausea and vomiting
•Abdominal pain
•Loss of appetite
•Dark urine and pale stool-due to build
up of bilirubin

17. MANAGEMENT
•Hepatitis A & E:Generally, supportive care
since these forms usually resolve on their
own.
•Rest, hydration, and a healthy diet.
•Hepatitis B:Antiviral medications (e.g.,
tenofovir, entecavir, Lamuvidine) to reduce
viral load.
•Regular monitoring for liver function and viral
activity.
•Vaccination for prevention.

18. Ct..
•Hepatitis C:Direct-acting antiviral (DAA)
medications (e.g., sofosbuvir, ledipasvir) to
cure the infection.
•Monitoring liver function and viral response to
treatment.
•Hepatitis D:Often treated with interferon-
based therapies just to boost immunity.
•Requires management similar to hepatitis B.

19. Ct..
•Hepatitis due to Alcohol or
Drugs:Immediate cessation of alcohol or
the offending drug.
•Supportive care, possibly including
medications to support liver function.
•Autoimmune
Hepatitis:Immunosuppressive drugs such
as corticosteroids and azathioprine.

20. Ct..
Lifestyle Changes
•Diet: A balanced diet with adequate nutrients to
support liver health.
•Avoid Alcohol: Critical in preventing further liver
damage.
•Vaccinations: For hepatitis A and B to prevent
infection.
•Regular Exercise: Helps maintain overall health and
manage weight. Safe Practices: To avoid
transmission, especially for hepatitis B and C (e.g.,
avoiding sharing needles, practicing safe sex).

21. Ct..
•Monitoring and Follow-up Regular Liver
Function Tests: To monitor disease
progression or response to treatment.
•Imaging Studies: Periodic ultrasounds or other
imaging to check for liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or
liver cancer.
•Screening for Complications: Especially for
chronic hepatitis B and C, which can lead to
liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

22. Ct..
Patient Education and Support
•Counseling: About the nature of the disease,
transmission risks, and the importance of
adherence to treatment.
•Support Groups: Connecting with others who
have hepatitis can provide emotional support.

23. ct
•For Hepatitis A Virus, hygienic measures
include hand washing and careful disposal of
excreta, contaminated diapers or clothing,
needles, and other blood-contaminated
items (Infection prevention techniques)

24. PROGNOSIS
•Most cases of acute viral hepatitis resolve
without specific therapy, with less than
0.1% of cases progressing to hepatic
necrosis

25. Ct..
•Hepatitis A & E Viruses cause acute infection
while Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus and
Hepatitis D Viruses may persist as chronic
infection with chronic inflammation
•Fibrosis and liver cirrhosis and the
associated risk of hepatocellular carcinoma

26. COMPLICATION
•degree of liver damage
•chronic infection develop liver cirrhosis
while 25% develop hepatocellular
carcinoma

27. REFERENCE
Smeltzer. S.C., Bare, B.G., Hinkle, J.L & Cheever,
K.H. (2008). Brunner &
Suddarth’s Textbook Of Medical Surgical
Nursing. 332-334. Philadelphia,
Lippincott Williams.
Nursing for Hospital And Community. (African
Edition). Africa: Elsevier.
www.nytimes.com/health/guide/disease/acute-
cholecystitis

28. REFERENCE CT…
Huether, S.E and Mc Cance, K.L (2013).
Understanding pathophysiology. (5
th

Ed.) St. Louis: Elsevier.
Stellenberg, E. & Bruce, J. (2007). Nursing
practice: Medical-Surgical