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The word ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word currere which means ‘run’. Thus, curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education.Curriculum may be considered as the blueprint of an educational programme. It is the base of education on which the teaching and learning process is planned and implemented. Nursing curriculum includes the learning opportunities(subject matter) and the learning activities(clinical experiences and practices) that the faculty plans and implements in various settings for a particular group of studentsThe word ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word currere which means ‘run’. Thus, curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education.Curriculum may be considered as the blueprint of an educational programme. It is the base of education on which the teaching and learning process is planned and implemented. Nursing curriculum includes the learning opportunities(subject matter) and the learning activities(clinical experiences and practices) that the faculty plans and implements in various settings for a particular group of students for a specified period of time in order to attain the desired objectives. for a specified period of time in order to attain the desired objectives.The word ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word currere which means ‘run’. Thus, curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education.Curriculum may be considered as the blueprint of an educational programme. It is the base of education on which the teaching and learning process is planned and implemented. Nursing curriculum includes the learning opportunities(subject matter) and the learning activities(clinical experiences and practices) that the faculty plans and implements in various settings for a particular group of students for a specified period of time in order to attain the desired objectives.The word ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word currere which means ‘run’. Thus, curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education.Curriculum may be considered as the blueprint of an educational programme. It is the base of education on which the teaching and learning process is planned and implemented. Nursing curriculum includes the learning opportunities(subject matter) and the learning activities(clinical experiences and practices) that the faculty plans and implements in various settings for a particular group of students for a specified period of time in order to attain the desired objectives.The word ‘curriculum’ is derived from the Latin word currere which means ‘run’. Thus, curriculum is a runway for attaining the goals of education.Curriculum may be considered as the blueprint of an educational programme. It is the base of education on which the teaching and learning process is planned and implemented. Nursing curriculum includes the learning opportunities(subject matter) and the learning activities(clinical experiences and practices) that the faculty plans and implements in various settings for

1. Hepatitis Bhaswati sil Msc.nursing 2 nd year

2. Definition: hepatitis is defined as an inflammation of the liver accompanied by liver damage. It can be due to infections usually viral or damage by drugs or alcohol. Hepatitis can be acute or chronic.

3. Types of hepatitis: Viral hepatitis is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide. The most common cause of viral hepatitis are the five unrelated hepatotropic viruses Hep A,B,C,D,E. Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation including CMV, Epstein-Barr-virus etc.

4. Types of viral hepatitis: Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hep C Hep D Hep E Hep F Hep G

5. Bacterial hepatitis: Bacterial infection of the liver results in pyogenic liver abscesses, acute hepatitis or granulomatous liver disease. Pyogenic abscesses- E coli and klebsiella pneumonia. Acute hepatitis Neisseria meningitis, Neisseria gonorrhoea etc. Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis mycobacteria species, Treponemapallidum and rickettsia species.

6. Toxic and drug induced hepatitis: Many chemical agents including medications industrial toxins and herbal and dietary supplements can cause hepatitis. The spectrum of drug induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure. Mechanism of injury includes direct cell damage, distruction of cell metabolism and causing structural changes.

7. Alcoholic hepatitis: Excessive alcohol consumption is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease.

8. - Autoimmune hepatitis: It is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. Formerly called lupoid hepatitis. It occurs when the bodys immune systemattacks liver cells causing the liver to be inflammed Affected people are often positive for human leukocyte antigen with circulating auto antibodies which help in diagnosis.

9. Causes: Pre icteric phase- Fatigue Anorexia Nausea Cough Joint pain

10. Icteric phase: Jaundice Darkening of urine Stools clay colored Poor apetied Right upper quadrant pain Increasing pruritis .

11. post icteric phase; Decreasing jaundice Improvement of appetite Returning to normal color Fatigue continuing

12. Pathophysiology Due to etiology Inflammation of liver tissue Mediated by cytotoxine cytokines ana natural killer cells Lysis of infected hepatocytes Hepatic cell necrosis Proliferation and enlargement of the kupffer cells Interrupt bile flow by inflammation of the peripheral area

13. Diagnostic evaluation: History collection and physical examination Hepatitis profile study Serum aspartate aminotransferase and serum alanine aminotransferase levels are increased in the prodromal stage Serum alkaline phosphate serum bilirubin Prolonged prothombin time Liver biopsy

14. Medical management: Drug should be avoided as they are metabolised in the liver Vit k , if prothombin time is prolonged Analgesics IV fluid glucose may necessary Protein and sodium restricted diet Low fat and high CHO diet may recommended.

15. Nursing diagnosis: Imbalance nutrition less than body requirement related to anorexia, nausea or vomiting Pain related to inflammation and enlargement of liver Ineffective breathing pattern related to intra abdominal fluid collection Risk for impaired skin integrity related to itching secondary to bilirubin pigment deposit in skin.

16. Complications: Cirrhosis of liver Fibrosis Liver failure Cancer of the liver Glomerulonephritis .