Herbs as Raw Materials

Herbal Drug Technology

1. Herbal Drug    Technology Prepared By: Ms. Sweta Kamboj Assistant Professor GGSCOP

2. Herbs As Raw Materials Introduction: The interest of people in herbal medicines has increased significantly in both developing and developed countries. There is a great demand for these herbs, hence there is a need to adopt systematic scientific methods for their selection, cultivation, collection, processing and ensure the quality, purity, safety, potency and develop modern methods for their quality control so that maximum benefit is obtained from these herbal medicines.

3. Herb It consist of a plant or any part of the plant Which include entire aerial part leaf, flower, fruit, seed, bark, root, rhizome, tuber or other plant parts. Herbal Medicine The definition of herbal medicine is the use of plants to prevent and treat an illness, or to achieve good health as well as the drugs or a plant or plant part or an extract or mixture of these and tinctures that are used.

4. Herbal Medicinal Products These are the medicinal products which contain exclusive herbal drugs or herbal drug preparations which are made from one or more herbs. Where the active ingredient consists exclusively of herbal substances or herbal preparations The term herbal substances denotes whole or parts of plants, algae, fungi. The material is usually dried but sometimes fresh, and is defined by specifying the species full scientific name and the plant part used.  

5. Herbal Drug Preparations Herbal preparations are the basis for finished herbal products and may include comminuted or powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures and fatty oils of herbal materials. They are produced by extraction with various solvents (polar to non-polar) Purification Fractionation Concentration and other physical and biological process

6. Processing of Herbal Materials

7. Sources of Herbs Wild source   Cultivated source

8. Wild Source

9. D i s a d v a nt a g e s Unpredictable quality The plants are not uniform in their growth and  yielding characteristics Modern techniques cannot be applied for  increasing the yield Chances of depletion of raw material from the field.

10. Cultivated source In cultivation we can apply modern techniques  such as- Tissue culture Genetic engineering Hybridization Germ plasm

11. A d v a n t a g e s

12. Selection of herbal materials

13. Identification of herbal materials Botanical identity Specimens Seeds and other propagation materials Macroscopic characters Microscopic characters Chromatographic procedures Chemical reaction

14. Authentication of herbal materials The steps involved in authentication are: Taxonomic method Herbarium coupon sample Macroscopic method Microscopic method Physicochemical method Spectroscopic method Chromatographic method Chemical fingerprinting Molecular markers

15. Processing of Herbal Raw Material Primary Processing Garbling                                     Washing                                  Parboiling                                 Leaching                                   Drying      Secondary Processing  Cutting Baking Boiling    Stir Frying Fumigation Extraction

16. Biodynamic Agriculture(Organic Farming Technique) GAP- Good Agriculture practices in which we increase the productivity of medicinal plants and crop. The main objective of GAP To improve the quality, safety and effectiveness of final herbal product. Guide the formation of national monograph for medicinal plant and related standard operating procedure. Support cultivation and collection of medicinal plant of good quality in order to respect and support the protection of medicinal plant and environment.

17. Guidelines for GAP of Medicinal Plants Seeds and Propagation material Identified botanically, indicating plant verity, cultivar, chemo type and its origin Material should be 100% traceable The parent material of vegetative part used in organic production should be certified and authentically organic Cultivation Depending upon the method of cultivation To avoid environmental disturbance care should be taken

18. Soil and Fertilization Medicinal and Aromatic plants should not be grown in soils that are contaminated by the sludge. The soil should not contaminate by Heavy metals, pesticidal residues and other unnatural chemicals The use of fertilizers should be minimum. Irrigation Irrigation should be minimized as much as possible and only applied as per the need of the plants Irrigation water should be free from contaminants

19. Crop maintenance Tillage should be adapted to enable good plant growth and must be carried out whenever required. Pesticides and herbicides should be avoided as far as possible. Harvesting Harvesting should take place when the plants are of best possible quality, according to their different utilizations. Primary Processing: After harvest includes such processing steps as washing, freezing, drying etc.

20. Packaging The product should be packed in clean, dry, bags or cases. Label must be clear, permanently fixed and made from non-toxic material. Storage and Transport Packaged dried materials should be stored in a dry and well aerated buildings. Fresh product should be stored between 1 to 5ºC Frozen products should be stored below -18ºC or below -20ºC for long term storage.

21. Staff Requirements The staff who works with the plant material must have a high degree of personal hygiene. Staff with infectious disease should not be allowed into the rooms in which they can come into contact with the plant. Documentation All the propagation material and steps in the production process must be documented. All the starting materials, processing steps including location of cultivation have to be documented 

22. Quality assurance Consultation and feedback should be taken from buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants regarding the quality and other properties of plant material and have an agreement have to be made.

23. Pest and Pest Management in Medicinal Plants

24. Insects Flies, moth, cutworms, grasshoppers, spiders, termite etc.

25. Weeds    A Weed is an undesired plant    They causes depletion and shortage of nutrients, water, light, space to the cultivated plants. Non insect pests     Vertebrates: Monkeys, rats, rabbits, squirrels, birds etc.      Invertebrates: Crab's snails, mites, nematodes etc.

26. Fungi/Viruses    Ascochyta atropae causes necrosis of leaf    Cercospora atropae produces leaf spot disease

27. METHODS OF PEST CONTROL

28. Biopesticides/Bioinsecticides for pest Management

29. Types of Biopesticides

30. Thank You