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1. AMBO UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES AND REFERRAL HOSPITAL DEPARTMENT OF Midwifery 3 rd year Module name: Health Policy and Management Module code: SPHM3152 Module ECTS: 4 ECTS Course Name: Health informatics 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 1

2. Introduction to computer The word computer is derived from the word compute Compute means to calculate The computer was originally defined as a super fast calculator Charles Babbage is a father of modern computer 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 2

3. Introduction to computer A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 3

4. EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS The computers of today are vastly different in appearance and performance as compared to the computers of earlier days But where did this technology come from and Where is it heading? To fully understand the impact of computers on today’s world and the promises they hold for the future, it is important to understand the evolution of computers. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 4

5. First generation of computer The computers of the first generation were very bulky and emitted large amount of heat which required air conditioning The concept of operating systems was not known at that time The Abacus, which emerged about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today , allows users to make computations using a system of sliding beads arranged on a rack. Early merchants used Abacus to keep trading transactions. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 5

6. Second Generation Size of the computers started reducing, Assembly language started being used in place of machine language, Concept of stored program emerged, High level languages were invented. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 6

7. Third Generation Use of Integrated circuits, Phenomenal increase in computation speed, Substantial reduction in size and power consumption of the machines Use of magnetic tapes and drums for external storage, Design-of Operating systems and new higher level languages, Commercial production of computers. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 7

8. Fourth Generation The general features of the fourth generation computers were: Use of Very Large Scale Integration, Invention of microcomputers, Introduction of Personal Computers, Networking, Fourth Generation Languages 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 8

9. Fifth Generation Defining the fifth generation computers is somewhat difficult because the field is still in its infancy The computers of tomorrow would be characterized by Artificial Intelligence An example of Al is Expert Systems Computers could be developed which could think and reason in much the same way as humans Computers would be able to accept spoken words as input (voice recognition) 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 9

10. Summary of computer generation 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 10

11. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 11 Analog Digital Based on logic used in their design Digital computers General purpose Special purpose

12. Digital computers based on the basis of their capacity to access memory and size Small Computers Microcomputers -------PCs Note Book and Laptop Computers Hand Held Computers 2. Hybrid Computers -----Digital + Analog They combine the speed of analog computers and accuracy of digital computers . 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 12

13. Cont.… 3. Mini Computers: Mini computers are more powerful than the micro computers. They have higher memory capacity and more storage capacity with higher speeds These computers are mainly used in process control systems They are mainly used in applications like payrolls, financial accounting, Computer aided design etc. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 13

14. Cont .… 4. Mainframe Computers: Main frame computers are very large computers which process data at very high speeds of the order of several million instructions per second. They can be linked into a network with smaller computers, micro computers and with each other. They are typically used in large organizations, government departments etc. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 14

15. Cont .… 5. Super Computers: A super computer is the fastest, most powerful and most expensive computer which is used for complex tasks that require a lot of computational power. Super computers have multiple processors which process multiple instructions at the same time. This is known as parallel processing. These computers are widely used in very advanced applications like weather forecasting, processing geological data etc. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 15

16. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS Scientific, Engineering and Research Medicine Information Education Games and Entertainment 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 16

17. Characteristics of computer Speed : The computer can process data very fast, at the rate of millions of instructions per second Accuracy : Computer provides a high degree of accuracy Diligence: When used for a longer period of time, the computer does not get tired or fatigued Storage Capability: Large volumes of data and information can be stored in the computer and also retrieved whenever required Versatility: It can perform different types of tasks with the same ease 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 17

18. Limitation of computer No Self-Intelligence No Thinking and Decision Making Power No Feeling 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 18

19. Similarities and Difference between Human and Computer 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 19

20. Parts of computer Computer consists of two parts: Computer Hardware A generic name for the various devices that make up a computer system Can be touched and seen Computer Software Set of instructions that direct the computer hardware to perform a particular task 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 20

21. Difference b/n hardware and software 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 21

22. Cont.. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 22

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24. Hardware Any visible part of a computer which can be seen and touch is known as hardware Hardware are involved in the data processing cycle as an input, output and on data processing cycle, There are hardware used to enter data which are known as input devices and O ther hardware used to display the information are known as output device 9/10/2024 24

25. Hardware Components Input Unit – feeds data & instruction to the computer system Output Unit – displays / prints the results of the processing CPU – is the brain of the computer that caries out the processing of the data as per the instructions Memory – stores data and programs within and/or outside the computer system 9/10/2024 25

26. Input Devices Input is all information put into a computer. Input can be supplied from a variety of sources: A person A storage device on computer Another computer A peripheral device 9/10/2024 26

27. Input Devices Input devices gather and translate data into a form the computer understands. Primary input device: Keyboard - Most common input device; used to type in commands and data. Mouse: enhances user’s ability to input commands, manipulate text, images. Joystick: useful in education as an adaptive or assistive input device. 9/10/2024 27

28. Input Unit Keyboard Mouse Joy Stick Light pen Track Ball Scanner 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 28 Graphic Tablet Microphone Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR) Optical Character Reader(OCR) Bar Code Reader Optical Mark Reader(OMR) Keyboard

29. keyboard The keyboard is one of the most commonly used input device. The computer keyboard is similar to a typewriter keyboard. The keyboard has keys made up of letters , numbers , symbols and special function keys. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 29

30. Cont.….. Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, B ut now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys are also available for Windows and Internet. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 30

31. Cont.….. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 31 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters Numeric Keypad It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators. Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose .

32. Cont.….. Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 32

33. The keys on the keyboard include A-Z : Used to enter alphabets 0-9 : Used to enter numbers Up , Down, Left, Right(Arrow Keyes): To Move the cursor in the specified direction F1-F12 : Special Function Keys 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 33

34. Cont.…. PgUp / PgDn : To move cursor up or down by one page enter: To move cursor to a new line Shift : A Special key To Select the other option shown normal character on the same key Num Lock : Activates the keypad on the right side of the keyboard. Other special keys like Tab, Del, Ctrl, Ins, PgUp , PgDn etc. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 34

35. Advantages of the keyboard It is very easy to use a keyboard It offers a number of facilities Editing or changing the input data is very easy with the help of the keyboard It is relatively Inexpensive 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 35

36. Mouse Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. Generally , it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 36

37. Advantages of Mouse Easy to use Not very expensive Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 37

38. Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions . The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 38

39. Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 39

40. Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved. Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 40

41. Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and It is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 41

42. Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in a digital form. The microphone is used for various applications such as adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 42

43. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 43

44. Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to . 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 44

45. Input Devices Scanners: are peripheral input devices which allow users to import: Text Graphics Images 9/10/2024 45

46. Input Devices Digital Cameras: are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or movies in a digital format. Some require specialized software to import images into the computer. Some record digital images directly to a disk that can be read by the computer. 9/10/2024 46

47. Some input devices Mouse Keyboard Scanner Touch pad Light pen Joysticks Microphones Digital Cameras Touch Screen 9/10/2024 47

48. Output Devices Use to display processed information to the user either in softcopy or hardcopy Softcopy – output displayed on a computer screen. It is the primary output medium. E.g. Monitor/Screen Hardcopy – output produced on paper or micro film. E.g. Printers, plotters, … 9/10/2024 48

49. Output Devices Monitors: are the most commonly used output device. 9/10/2024 49

50. Output Devices Printer Most widely used output devices to prepare printed paper documents There are Impact and Non-impact printers Plotters capable of drawing complex shapes with multiple colors 9/10/2024 50

51. Output Devices VDU-Visual Display Unit Flat screen monitors Printer Plotters Speakers Projectors 9/10/2024 51

52. Central Processing Unit It is the place where data processing takes place The system's memory also plays a crucial role in processing data . Both the CPU and memory are attached to the system's motherboard, which connects all the computer's devices together, enabling them to communicate. 9/10/2024 52

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54. CPU Types CPU or microprocessor is often described as the brain of a computer. CPU is an integrated circuit or “chip” which processes instructions and data. CPU types. Core i3, i5, i7, i8, i9 9/10/2024 54

55. CPU types CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instruction cycles per second Currently, CPU speeds range from 4 to 16 gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second) Always check new software’s requirements for CPU type and speed before purchasing 9/10/2024 55

56. Main parts of CPU Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU ) The control unit Registers 9/10/2024 56

57. The Control Unit Controls the entire operation of the computer. Directs the flow of data through the CPU, and to and from other devices. The control unit stores the CPU's microcode, which contains the instructions for all the tasks the CPU can perform. 9/10/2024 57

58. The Arithmetic Logic Unit The actual manipulation of data takes place in the ALU Performs the arithmetic operations and the logical comparisons Controls the speed of calculations Larger & powerful computers speed are measured in: Pico seconds Nano seconds, etc. 9/10/2024 58

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60. ALU Operations List 9/10/2024 60 Arithmetic Operations Logical Operations + Add  ,  equal to, not equal to  Subtract > greater than x Multiply < less than  Divide  greater than or equal to ^ Raise by a power  less than or equal to

61. Registers A special storage location within CPU which temporarily hold data and program instructions while they are being processed Both the ALU and control units are connected to registers — such that to execute an instruction the control units retrieves data from main memory and places it into a register and after processing the results are stored in register. 9/10/2024 61

62. Bus Refers to an electronic highway through which information are transmitted between the various components A bus is a path between the components of a computer. Data and instructions travel along these paths. 9/10/2024 62

63. Bus The bus width determines how many bits can be transmitted between the CPU and other devices. A 64 bits wide bus carries 8 characters at a time The wider the data bus the more data it can carry at one time 9/10/2024 63

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65. 9/10/2024 65 Computer Memory

66. Lesson objectives At the end of this lesson students should: Define computer memory Know how computer memory is measured List different memories available in computer system Identify the difference between RAM and ROM Know the internal components of computer 9/10/2024 66

67. Computer Memory Part of a computer in which data or program can be stored for retrieval The role of the memory is to store data 9/10/2024 67

68. Characteristics of Memory Capacity: represents the global volume of information (in bits) that the memor y can store Access time: correspond to the time interval the read/write request and the availability of the data Non-volatility: characterized the ability" of a memory to store data when it is not being supplied  by electricity 9/10/2024 68

69. How computer memory is measured? Bit: 1 or level of storage Byte: A byte consists of eight bits. Kilobyte: A kilobyte (KB) consists of 1024 bytes. Megabyte: A megabyte (MB) consists of 1024 kilobytes, approximately 1,000,000 bytes. Gigabyte: A gigabyte (GB) consists of 1024 megabytes, approximately 1,000,000,000 bytes. Terabyte: A terabyte (TB) consists of approximately 1,000,000,000,000 bytes. 9/10/2024 69

70. Types of Memory Computer memor y has the following categories: Internal   Memory This is where data and p rogram instruction currently being processed are stored External   Memory (Secondary Memory) allows the permanent storage of large q uantities of data 9/10/2024 70

71. T ypes of Internal Memory RAM (main memory) temporally store data when program is running Holds instructions for processing data and raw data temporally Volatile  it only stores data as long as it is supplied with electricity Amount of RAM in a PC has a direct impact on the system's speed ROM allows  to keep information contained it even when the memory is no longer receiving electricity used to store permanent data such as instruction needed to start the computer as soon as itis switched on stores in/out put system instruction 9/10/2024 71

72. Comparison between RAM and ROM 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 72 Volatile Working area of computer for temporarily Allows both read and write Non-volatile Permanently stored programs Allows read only RAM ROM

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74. More RAM = Better Performance ! 9/10/2024 74

75. External Memory (Secondary Memory) An external memory is a place to keep data that has been processed so that it can be retrieved at a later time to be used again . External memory has the important property that the information stored is not lost when the computer is switched off Non-volatile storage media Currently used ones hard disks, floppy disk, optical disk ( Compact Disc, read-only-memory ) Flash disk 9/10/2024 75

76. Storage Technology Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device. Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span. 9/10/2024 76

77. Storage Devices Hard Disk Drives Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or billions of bytes ). Typically permanently installed . Used to store operating system, application software, utilities and data . Magnetic storage device. 9/10/2024 77

78. Storage Devices Floppy Disk Drives Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Storage device with the smallest capacity Most portable storage media Magnetic storage device. 9/10/2024 78

79. Storage Devices CD-ROM Drives Typically installed on all new computer systems. (Were add-on device until the mid 1990’s). Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD. 9/10/2024 79

80. Storage Devices CD-ROM Drives Used more often now for backup storage as CD-RW (read/write) technology has become less expensive. Data is read from CD by a laser. Optical storage device. 9/10/2024 80

81. 9/10/2024 Prepared By Kefyalew N.(BSc, MPH in HI) 81 Computer software

82. Lesson objectives At the end of this lesson students should: Define Software Identify types of software in a computer system Know the use of operating system Know utility software available in computer system List the types of application software Know the importance & use of application software 9/10/2024 82

83. Computer Software Also called a program Consists of a series of instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to do it 9/10/2024 83

84. Types of Computer Software System Software Application Software 9/10/2024 84

85. 1. System Software C oordinates the complete system hardware and provides an environment or platform for all the other types of software to work. T he most basic type of software in any computer system, which is essential for other programs, applications and indeed for the whole computer system to function It control and manage operation of computer hardware E.g. Microsoft Windows 7, 8, 10, Mac OS, Linux, Ubuntu, device drivers, etc. 9/10/2024 85

86. Types of System Software Operating System Software is the master controller within a computer interacts with all hardware and software installed in a computer system E.g. Windows, Mac OS Utility Software It is SW that helps to manage, maintain and control a computer resources E.g. Antivirus SW, Disk cleaners , Backup SW and etc . 9/10/2024 86

87. Types of Operating System Command Line Operating System Graphical User Interface 9/10/2024 87

88. 1. Command Line Operating Systems DOS( D isk operating system) is an example of a command line operating system. On the next slide, Notice that there are no: Icons (pictures) Colors Mouse Pointer Buttons You have to memorize commands in order to use this text based operating system. 9/10/2024 88

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90. 2. Graphical User Interface 9/10/2024 90 Allows you to interact with the software using text, graphics, and visual images such as icons Controls how you enter data and instructions and how the screen displays information

91. 2. Graphical User Interface… Uses pictures (icons) to represent files, folders, disk drives, modems, printers, etc . GUI’s were created to make using a computer easier, more interesting, non-threatening to inexperienced users . A mouse allows users to point at something and click to make it work. With command line you have to have all of the commands to make your programs work . Here is an example of a GUI 9/10/2024 91

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93. Application Software A re those that help the user perform the tasks of his/her choice or specific types of work are non-essential software which are installed and run depending upon the requirements, in the environment provided by the system software E.g. MS Office, Media Players, educational software , Antivirus software, etc. 9/10/2024 93

94. Basic Types Application Software Business software: word processors, spreadsheets, and database programs . Communication software: allows computers to communicate with other computers. E.g fax software, Novell NetWare, AOL, Modem Software Graphics software: software that allows users to create and manipulate graphics. E.g Photoshop, Print Shop, etc. 9/10/2024 94

95. Application Software Education and Reference software: Programs that help teach new material and ideas, and programs that can be used to find information E.g : Encarta, Worldbook Encyclopedia, Jumpstart Kindergarten, MicroType . Entertainment and Leisure software: E.g : Warcraft, Age of Empires, Barbie Design Center, Mrs. Pacman , Solitair Integrated software: Combines several types of software into one program or package, Quicken (Spreadsheet /data base /communications /reference) or Print Shop (Graphics /Word processor). 9/10/2024 95

96. E.g. Application Software Productivity Software Spreadsheets Databases Presentation Software Document Preparation Word Processing Desktop Publishing Project Management Software 9/10/2024 96

97. E.g. Application Software… Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials 9/10/2024 97

98. Programming Language Basic building blocks of any software Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions that a computer can understand. Programming languages have some resemblance to the English language. E.g. Visual B asic, Pascal, Fortran, C++, C#, Java, Python 9/10/2024 98

99. Computer Applications in Society What are some examples of computer applications in society? 9/10/2024 99 Next Education Finance Government Health Care Science Publishing Travel Manufacturing

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