High Middle Ages

Castles, knights, kings and queens

1. Mannerism and Feudalism By: Mr. Jack

2. Reading in the book? 291-296 317-322

3. Three classes arose, those that prayed, those that fought, and those that worked.

4. Feudalism A political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service) . Military service Military service

5. The Manorial System The economic system to produce Knights.

6. The Medieval Manor A manor was an agricultural estate (fief) ruled by a knight or lord and worked by serfs.

7. Free peasants became serfs, legally bound to the land.

8. By 800, probably 60 percent of the people of western Europe were serfs. By 1200, free peasants had almost disappeared.

9. Lords and knights had to protect serfs. Free peasants had no protection.

10. Those that work A serfs had to farm the lord’s land for him as well as their own land. Corvee : serfs had to work for free for the lord, usually 3 days a week. ie barns, ditches, castle building.

11. Those that work Rent: had to give 20 percent of your food to the lord, Fee: money or food to use the lord’s pond, pasture, or woods. Fee to use the lord’s mill and oven to make your bread.

12. Those that work Serfs could not leave the manor without lord’s permission They could not marry without lords permission.

13. Those that work Serfs also had to pay 10 percent of everything to the Church

14. Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

15. Manor Courts Castles had a manor court, where the local lord gave justice.

16. Nobles Those that fought The nobles were the kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops and archbishops with large estates holding all political power.

17. Feudalism A political, and social system based on vassals (loyalty and military service) . Military service Military service

18. Duke Marque Barron

19. Noble class A Vassal had to fight for a lord up to 40 days a year. They had to give advice to the lord.

20. To become a vassal, a man performed an act of homage, swearing an oath to serve the lord.

21. Eventually, nobles held their land (fief) by hereditary. When a vassal died, the King or lord would accept a vassal’s son’s homage.

22. Primogeniture: the oldest son became the heir to a king or lord.

23. A vassal had to pay the lord money (relief) as he took over the fief.

24. Noble class Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and his eldest daughter married.

25. Noble class Vassals had to pay when the lord’s eldest son became a knight, and eldest daughter married.

26. Noble class Pay a ransom if the lord was captured.

27. Noble class Nobles and their vassals paid no additional taxes.

28. Chivalry The Roman Catholic Church taught knights to be honest, loyal and true defenders of the Church, weak, and defenseless.

29. The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT 16 SQUIRE 11-15 PAGE 6-10

30. Chivalry : A Code of Honor and Behavior Knights should be true and virtuous to their ladies.

31. Knights and lords settled matters by duals defending their or other’s honor.

32. Lords built castles for defense across Europe.

33. Noble families resided in castles permanently.

34. Parts of a Medieval Castle

35. Clergy class Those that prayed Each village had a church led by a priest or group of priests. They taught the nobles and the peasants.

36. Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church Monks Abbots Head of the Order Abbots Monks Monks

37. Bishops usually came from Noble families, second and third sons of Lords.

38. Cardinals, Princes of the Church, elect the Pope and make up the Curia (bureaucracy of the church) .

39. So, by the High Middle Ages 1000 – 1250, three classes existed.

40. Three classes arose, those that prayed, those that fought, and those that worked.

41. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

42. Setting Out on Crusade

43. Pope Urban II promised crusader knights indulgences, release from Purgatory into Heaven.

44. Christian Crusades: East and West

45. The 2 nd Crusade against the Muslims in Spain created the Christian state of Portugal.

46. Also, the Popes had Crusades against heretics Christians, like the Albigensians in France.

47. Inquisition The Curia and Pope created a special court to find heretics and witches called the Inquisition.

48. Inquisition Heretics that confessed did penance and were punished in public.

49. Inquisition Beginning in 1252, tortured those who did not confess.

50. Inquisition Burning repeat offenders and those who did not confess.

51. In their minds, using force to save souls from damnation the right thing to do.

52. Wealth poured into the Church.

53. Homework pg 296 1-5 310 1-10

54. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843 Europe stabilizes as it runs out of barbarians, and primogeniture, mannerism and feudalism take hold.

55. The Revival of Trade Silver mines in England allowed the King to make coins. Gold and silver mines on the continent allowed French Kings and German emperors to also make coins.

56. The Revival of Trade The Crusades encouraged demand for luxury goods, which the Venetians happily supplied.

57. The Revival of Trade The Italian city states of Venice and Genoa happily supplied luxury goods.

58. The Revival of Trade Flanders in the Netherlands became the center of trade in Northern Europe.

59. Flanders produced high quality wool cloth in demand throughout Europe.

60. The Revival of Trade By the twelfth century, a regular exchange of goods had developed between Flanders and Italy.

61. The counts of Champagne encouraged this trade by holding fairs every year in their towns.

62. The Revival of Trade Slowly, the money economy reemerged throughout Europe.

63. The Revival of Trade Trade merchants moved back into the old Roman cities. Craftspeople and artisans followed.

64. The Revival of Trade By the 10 th Century, Lords and Kings demand for weapons, furniture, cloth gave rise to a new class of crafts people.

65. The Revival of Trade They developed skills to make goods that might be sold by the merchants.

66. The merchants and artisans called bourgeoisie , from the German burg: a walled enclosure.”

67. Bourgeoisie :middle class, also plural in construction members of the middle class. Business owners, trade merchants, teachers, doctors, lawyers.

68. The Revival of Trade A large medieval trading city had about 5,000 people By 1200s, London 40,000 Venice, Florence, Genoa 80000

69. The Revival of town and city life Townspeople needed freedom to trade with their own laws and could pay for them. Money, artisan goods

70. The Revival of town and city life Lords and kings, could make money and sold the townspeople the liberties they wanted. Money, artisan goods

71. Medieval cities developed their own governments for running the affairs of the community.

72. Guild System From the eleventh century on, craftspeople organize themselves into guilds, or business associations.

73. Guild System Guilds held a monopoly on their products.

74. Guild System For almost every craft, tanners, carpenters, bakers, wool, cloth, silk, spices, money.

75. Guild system The each built a hall, elected their leader, and made their own rules for apprentice, journeymen, and masters.

76. Rise of Universities The word university in Latin means “corporation” or “guild.”

77. Rise of Universities Law students in Bologna formed a guild in In 1158.

78. The first university in northern Europe was the University of Paris.

79. King Philip II of France 1179 –1223 gave a charter to the University of Paris (The Sorbona ) in 1200..

80. Scholasticism Professors tried to combine Christian faith with reason. Plato’s celestial polis and souls could be, Aristotle could not.

81. Philip II Augustus 1179 –1223 Teachers from England studied at the University of Paris, received PHD’s and returned to England founding Oxford and Cambridge..

82. Thomas Aquinas Used Aristotle's methods of logic to prove the truths of Christianity in his book Summa Theologians . The human mind could use reason for physical truths, but reason alone could not find spiritual truths.

83. In 1209, professors from England left the University of Paris and started their own universities at Oxford and Cambridge England.

84. Oxford University

85. Medieval Universities

86. Everyone enjoyed watching the knights compete in the Jousts at fairs.

87. End

88. Those that pray Perhaps the greatest impact of the Crusades was political. They eventually helped to break down feudalism. As kings levied taxes and raised armies, nobles joining the Crusades sold their lands and freed their serfs. As the nobles lost power, the kings were able to create stronger central governments. Taxing trade with the East also provided kings with new wealth. This paved the way for the development of true nation-states. By the mid-1400s, four strong states—Portugal, Spain, England, and France—would emerge in Europe. The Papal Monarchy

89. England

90. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

91. Evolution of England’s Political System Henry I: William’s son. set up a royal moving court system, with regular laws. Exchequer  dept. of royal finances. Henry II: most people prefered the Kings justice over their own lords. He established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom. grand jury. trial by jury.

92. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I Runnymeade “Great Charter” monarchs were not above the law. kings had to consult a council of advisors. kings could not tax arbitrarily.

93. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I forced to accept it. A list of demands made by the nobility. Created a CONTRACT between the king and the aristocracy. Established principles which limited the power of the king: Established basic legal rights. The king must ask for popular consent for taxes. Accused must have jury t rial.

94. Model Parliament, 1295 King Edward I brought his military leaders and nobility together as a Parliament to ask their consent to new taxes. Established the principle of parliamentary “power of the purse.” A radical new idea for any monarch to ask for anything!

95. The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: eventually called Parliament. by 1400, two chambers evolved: House of Lords  nobles & clergy. House of Commons  knights and burgesses elected by citizens to go to London.

96. France

97. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

98. Gothic Architectural Style Pointed arches. High, narrow vaults. Thinner walls. Flying buttresses. Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

99. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

100. Setting Out on Crusade

101. Christian Crusades: East and West

102. Medieval Universities

103. Oxford University

104. Crusades spread demand for luxury items.

105. Medieval Trade

106. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

107. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: C ontrolled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices

108. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

109. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

110. Feudalism: the government system produces knights to fight for Lords. Mannerism: the economic system based on farms and serfs supports the production of knights.

111. Feudalism and Mannerism Three classes of people arose, those that prayed: the Clergy class Those that fought: the Noble Class Lords, ladies and knights Those that worked: the peasant class.

112. Lords built defensive castles The earliest castles were made of wood.

113. High Middle Ages 1000 – 1250 Rise of Feudalism and Mannerism, supremacy of Pope and Catholic Church, chivalry, mannerism

114. homage

115. Those that work By the end of the tenth century, however, people were emerging with both the skills and products for trade.