higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand

higher migration and empire - scots in new zealand

1. Migration & Empire, 1830-1939 Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

2. In today’s class I am learning to: Describe the impact of Scottish emigrants in New Zealand Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

3. Although a huge distance from Scotland, New Zealand was the choice of new home for many Scots during the 1800s and 1900s. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

4. Between 1880 and 1915 , around one quarter of all UK emigrants living in New Zealand came from Scotland. At this same time almost 70% of Scottish emigrants in New Zealand had come from the Lowlands of Scotland . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

5. Economy and Enterprise Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

6. Scots who moved to New Zealand had a substantial economic impact. This was in many different ways, including bringing skills and working in different industries, and also in developing the country’s economy by setting up businesses . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

7. Farm workers were particularly needed in New Zealand. Many Scots took their farming experience and set up farms . They then influenced the country’s development of sheep farming , and introduced other changes too. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

8. In the 1870s, New Zealand’s government borrowed money to develop the country’s public works , such as railways , telegraph lines and roads . Many Scots were attracted to New Zealand to help build these items. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

9. Gold mining was a major reason for Scottish emigration to New Zealand. Discoveries of gold in the Otago area in the mid-1800s attracted many Scots to make the journey in the hope of making their fortune. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

10. Scottish emigrants were not just manual, farm and industrial workers, many also worked as professionals . Teachers , lawyers , doctors and other trained people were persuaded to make the journey and start a new life. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

11. Scots also influenced New Zealand’s science development. They set up a medical school in Otago, and another Scottish emigrant founded the Geological Survey of New Zealand , promoting scientific research. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

12. There were numerous businesses set up by Scots in New Zealand, making them money and also creating jobs for others. This included the Union Steamship Company that was funded with investments from Scots such as Peter Denny . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

13. Peter and David Duncan, from Forfar were engineers who set up a company to sell farming equipment . Other Scots were heavily involved in New Zealand’s paper making industry , either through logging or paper production. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

14. Scots played a role in other industries too. The National Bank of New Zealand was set up in 1872 with an emigrant Scot (Alexander Kerr) as its first branch manager. In 1843 William Brown set up a newspaper called the Southern Herald . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

15. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand New Zealand: economy Farming Banking Job types Mining Science Other

16. Culture and religion Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

17. The Scots who moved to New Zealand changed the look of the country in various ways. They brought with them new religion and also different traditions . In addition they also had an education and political influence. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

18. Some Scots who made the journey to New Zealand did so as missionaries trying to spread the word of God. This involved them trying to convert native people, but also setting up churches across New Zealand’s islands. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

19. Many of these Scots were Presbyterian , and the churches they opened allowed Scots to continue to practice their faith. Reverend Thomas Burns (the poet Robert’s nephew) was sent by the Free Church of Scotland to open a new settlement. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

20. A great many educational establishments were opened by Scots. The University of Otago was opened by Scottish emigrants, and later the country’s first medical school was opened in the same area, partly staffed by Scots. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

21. Other Scots opened schools , often being taught based on the Scottish curriculum. This includes Otago Boys’ High School (set up in 1864) and Otago Girls’ High School (set up in 1871), one of the world’s first all-girl schools. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

22. Some of the migrants played a role in New Zealand politics , participating in local and national elections. Peter Fraser , New Zealand’s Prime Minister from 1940 to 1949 was born in Easter Ross in the Highlands . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

23. Robert Stout was twice Prime Minister of New Zealand in the late 1800s. He was born in the Shetland Islands . Stout supported women’s rights, including giving them the vote and also laws to protect their property ownership . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

24. Scottish emigrants introduced sporting, musical and literature activities to help them keep links with home. Highland Games were held in different areas, and other Scots also played sports such as golf , curling and shinty . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

25. One obvious Scottish sporting influence is in the city of Dunedin's main rugby team – the Highlanders . This team – set up in the 1990s - was given this name due to the influence of early Scottish settlers in the area. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

26. Scots set up clubs and groups to promote their musical heritage. Burns Clubs held annual Burns Suppers and had readings during the year. Other groups played the bagpipes or held ceilidhs , involving Scottish instruments. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

27. Like in other countries, the Scots named places in their new home after locations in Scotland. Names such as Kelso and Bannockburn can be found. One of the country’s biggest cities, Dunedin , means Edinburgh in Gaelic. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

28. Aspects of language and dialect were also affected by Scottish emigrants. For many years Gaelic was spoken in different areas and in some parts of New Zealand’s south island they still have a form of speech which is similar to Scottish pronunciation . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

29. Scottish emigrants have even affected holidays in New Zealand. Otago Anniversary Day is a public holiday which marks the arrival of the first Scottish settlers in Dunedin. Tartan Day is a modern celebration of Scottish links. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

30. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand New Zealand: culture Education Place names & language Music & literature Religion Sport Politics

31. Native societies Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

32. Scottish relations with native New Zealanders – known as Maoris – were often difficult. Although there are some instances of good relations between the two groups there are also examples of extreme violence . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

33. Initially there were some positive links between Scots and the Maoris. Scots traded with the native peoples that they met, and the Maoris responded by helping the Scots to survive winters in the area, including supplying food . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

34. Land issues inevitably led to arguments between Scots and Maoris. The Scots wanted land to start farms and set up towns , but this meant taking control of land which was used by the Maori people (especially in the Otago area). Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

35. Scottish farms being set up across New Zealand had a major effect on the environment , resulting in mass clearance of trees to create suitable land. This had an influence on the Maori people, especially on how they moved and hunted . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

36. Partly to try and stop land disagreements, some Scots made deals with the Maoris to buy land – however this often led to other problems . For instance it was not always clear who owned land, or the wrong land was claimed. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

37. The 1840 Treaty of Waitangi was a legal agreement between the British government and Maori tribes. The British wanted this to allow them to buy land; some Maoris wanted this to get military help against French forces. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

38. The treaty agreed Maori ownership of land and that the British government was the only body authorised to buy this land. The treaty was not backed by all Maoris, and many leaders urged others to reject the deal. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

39. The deadliest period in Scottish/Maori links was the New Zealand Wars (of 1845 to 1872. This involved regular battles and hostilities between settlers and the Maoris, often caused by arguments about land purchases . Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

40. Examples of battles during this was include the Northern War and East Cape War . It is estimated that around 3000 people died as a result of these conflicts (c. 750 British deaths and more than 2000 Maori casualties) Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

41. Many of the Scots that went to New Zealand did so as missionaries hoping to convert the native people to Christianity . However many Maoris did not change their religion and were angry at the Scots’ dismissal of their beliefs. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

42. Many Maoris did change their religion and built good links with Scottish missionaries. There were instances of missionaries trying to protect Maoris during periods of conflict between the Scots and native peoples. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

43. Some Scots married Maori people, although these relationships often led to criticisms. Some churches later sent Scottish women to be the wives of male missionaries, to prevent Scottish and Maori marriage. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand

44. Emigrant Scots in New Zealand New Zealand: natives Land Religion Children Battles Marriage Trade