HISPANIC-LATINO-GROUPSHISPANIC-LATINO-GROUPS

HISPANIC-LATINO-GROUPS.pptx

1. Transcultural Nursing: Hispanic/ Latino Groups Aleli Bray Silverio, RN Mariel J Ebcas , RN Roy Gebusion , RN

2. I. INTRODUCTION

3. INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION The term Hispanic refers to a diverse population of Latin America. This includes those of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish origin regardless of race ( Juckett , 2013) Hispanics share a strong heritage that includes family and religion, each subgroup of the Hispanic population has distinct cultural beliefs and customs. The following presentation will explore cultural attributes and how to apply culturally sensitive nursing care to the Hispanic patient.

5. INTRODUCTION Hispanic Groups Argentine Bolivian Chilean Colombian Costa Rican Cuban Dominican Ecuadorian Guatemalan Honduran Mexican Nicaraguan Panamanian Paraguayan Peruvian Puerto Ricans Salvadoran Spanish Uruguayan Venezuelan

6. History Latino history is American history. Latinos trace their origins to Latin America and other Spanish colonies, both in the Caribbean and in the contemporary United States. These groups include, but are not limited to, Indigenous, Mestizos, Afro-Latinos, and other mixed-race people. Currently representing the largest ethnic minority in the country, Latinos have participated in the creation and growth of this nation well before it was named the United States. Complex stories of colonization, immigration, and slavery make Latino history an infinite source for inquiry and knowledge .

7. History HISPANIC – actually refers to “Hispania”, a large geographical area of ancient Roman era that consist of the Iberian peninsula. Person that originated from Mexico, Puerto Rico , Cuba, Dominican Republic, Central or South America, and of Spanish or Portuguese culture or origin. LATIN(AMERICA) – was first coined by the French as Amirique Latine , during the French Intervention in Mexico. It is a combination of the European word “ latino”And the New World; “America”. It was to symbolically sever Mexico’s Spanish roots, while at the same time, reinforcing a notion of belonging b etween the two nations . LATIN RACE - composed of all descending from a nation who spoke “ Romance tongue ” Romance Language – a dialect of inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula of Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gilbraltar .

8. Food Food plays an important role in the Hispanic culture. In some Hispanic cultures, a good meal will be balanced in food and herbs by “hot” and “cold” types. Those who eat foods whose temperatures are wrong for them can get sick. A good appetite is associated with good health. Children are not forced to eat foods that they resist because their preferences are respected. A mother or grandmother will withhold a food she thinks causes illness from her children’s diet.

9. Food TRADITIONAL HISPANIC FOODS Tacos Tacos are extremely versatile and can be incorporated into any menu. Chances are you already know that tacos are tortillas folded around filling, so you can see how much potential this dish has to be customized! For instance, a seafood restaurant could serve mini tilapia tacos with a lemon garlic sauce as an appetizer, or a steakhouse could offer steak tacos as a special for the month. Stuffed Peppers Stuffed peppers in various forms are popular all around the world, including Hispanic countries. The peppers used can be hot and spicy, like jalapeno poppers, or mild like the Mexican  chile relleno . They are usually filled with meats, cheeses,  beans, rice, and  salsa.

10. Food Grilled Corn Grilled corn on the cob is a popular Mexican street food. The corn is shucked and grilled so the kernels just begin to char. It’s then served slathered in a sauce made of  mayonnaise,   chili powder, and other flavors. The combination of sweet and smoky flavors makes it a perfect side dish to charbroiled chicken or steak ! Paella This  rice-based dish is one of the most popular meals in Spain. It combines white rice, vegetables, beans, meat, and herbs and spices like  rosemary  and saffron. You can also prepare paella in a wide variety of styles, like seafood, vegetarian, mixed, or whatever other kind of paella makes the most sense for your restaurant.

11. Food Common Hispanic Food Preparations: • Rice & Bean prepared with lard. • Tortilla, arepa or bread with every meal. • Chicken soup ( caldo de pollo / gallina ) is frequently is given to persons who are ill

12. • Religious Practices Most Hispanics are Roman Catholics Spiritual and religious influences play a major role in health, illness, and daily life. Churches are central to the life of the family and community, hence can be important resources in planning and delivering services.

13. • Religious Practices Influence of Religion in daily life God is an active force in life Church and faith are central to family Daily prayer Symbolism The cross Images of saints The rosary Images of the Virgin Mary Family mourns in black

14. • Religious Practices Practices surrounding life events: Weddings Marriage prep classes Mass in Catholic Church Bible/Church – spiritual Coins/ Lazo Fruitcake soak in rum Grief/ Luto (mourning 9 days) Vigils Last rites: sacraments Baptism before death Rosary through out the day Wakes

15. • Religious Practices Reproduction: - abstinence,temperature /ovulation method Abortion: Morally wrong Permanent sterilization – forbidden Genetic/Stem cell - Objcetionable Death/Dying: Ordinary means of persevering life - Euthanasia not permitted

16. • Religious Practices Important Rites: – Baptism of infants: Especially on life threatening situations. – The Anointing of the Sick: required in life threatening situations.

17. • Role of Religion in Healing Faith and church remain powerful sources of hope and strength in the Hispanic community, especially in times of sickness . Along with Catholicism the use of magicoreligious is common .

18. • Role of Religion in Healing – Candles with pictures of saints Each saint has a specialized as well as general religious function: Cancer: St. Peregrine Dying: St. Joseph Bodily ills: Our Lady of Lourdes Infertility: St. Anne Chronic Illness: St. Juliana Falconieri AIDS Patients and Caregivers: St. Aloysius Gonzaga Arthritis / Rheumatism: St. James the Greater

19. Health Beliefs, Behaviors and Practices The meaning of health varies among Hispanics. Some maintain that health results from good luck or is a reward for good behavior (Spector, 1996). Illnesses are thought to have either natural or supernatural causes.   Fatalism – Fatalistic views are shared by many Hispanic patients who view illness as God’s will or divine punishment brought about by previous or current sinful behavior.

20. Health Beliefs, Behaviors and Practices Older generations still believe mental retardation or developmental disability is a punishment for the sins of the parents Usually mothers accept the child as a blessing or gift from God, feeling that they have been found worthy of such a child . More serious mental illness—schizophrenia, delusions, and hallucinations—may be conceived as “part of life” or “God’s will.”

21. Health Beliefs, Behaviors and Practices Influences include emotional, spiritual, and social state, as well as physical factors such as humoral imbalance expressed as too much "hot" or "cold" In general, cold diseases/conditions are characterized by vasoconstriction and low metabolic rate. "Cold“ diseases/conditions include menstrual cramps, frio de la matriz , coryza (rhinitis), pneumonia, empacho , and colic. "Hot" diseases/conditions are characterized by vasodilation and high metabolic rate. Pregnancy, hypertension, diabetes, acid indigestion, susto , are examples of hot conditions " Cold" conditions are treated with "hot" medications and "hot" with "cold" medications, thus bringing the individual back into balance.

22. Health Beliefs, Behaviors and Practices

23. Family Dynamics For Hispanics/Latinos, the valuing of family considerations over individual or community needs, is strong, almost universal value, a concept known as familismo . Hispanics/Latinos seek encouragement, direction, and advice from a large number of family members. The nuclear family is the most basic and common social unit, but many extended families also present. The Hispanic/Latino family structure tends to be patriarchal and follow a rigid hierarchical structure Family members provide social, emotional, and even financial support to each other.

24. Family Dynamics The father or oldest male (direct relative) holds the greatest power in most families and may make health decisions for others in the family. Hispanics typically subscribe to values of “machismo” and “ marianismo ,” which culturally define the desirable male and female qualities. Men are expected to provide for and be in charge of their families. Women are expected to manifest respect and even submission to their husbands.

25. Outlook on Health Hispanics view health holistically and focus on alternative therapies for treatment. Getting diseases is a bigger concern than dying. For the Hispanic community, issues of morbidity rather than mortality are of greatest concern. Many patients seeking medical care will have already sought help from family resources. Tend to have a collectivistic view and focus on the group more than the individual .

26. Indigenous Health Beliefs Folk illnesses are health problems associated with members of a particular group and for which the culture provides etiology, diagnosis, prevention, and regimen of healing; and which also have psychological and/or religious overtones. • Common hierarchy of seeking relief from lay healers: – Home Remedies – Relatives / Neighbors (especially females) – Yerbatero (Herbalist) – Sobador (massage therapist) – Partera (midwife who may also treat children) – Curandero Total (lay healer that intervenes in multiple dimensions – physical / spiritual) – Doctor Naturalista – prescribe natural remedies without spiritual component.

27. Outlook on Caring M ost Hispanics, including those from traditional backgrounds, use cosmopolitan sources of health care (e.g., primary care physicians) as primary sources of health care. Regardless of the source of care, the patient (and family) are likely to include faith in God as a vital component of understanding of the problem and the cure. Patients of all cultural backgrounds warrant kindness, a personal connection, and respect, the consequences of omitting these traditional values may be more problematic with Latinos.

28. Outlook on Caring Latino culture has several normative values that must be recognized in clinical settings . These includes: Simpatía (kindness ) emphasizes politeness and conflict avoidance . Personalismo (friendliness ) a personal connection, can be achieved by asking about the patient and his or her family. Because people stand closer to each other in most Latino cultures, physical proximity is also perceived as being more personable . Respeto (respect ) implies attentive concern for the patient and respect of his or her personhood and age, especially if the patient is older.

29. Nursing Intervention to Fulfill Cultural Expectation Family involvement in health care is common and health care providers are strongly advised to encourage such involvement and to include the family as a resource and focus of care in health planning. Older patients should be addressed as señor or señora rather than by their first names. Using don or doña with the given or full name indicates even greater respect for older patients . Rapport begins through exchange of pleasantries or chit chat before beginning the business of medical history-taking and physical examination.

30. Nursing Intervention to Fulfill Cultural Expectation The nurse-patient relationship is built through communication and the effective use of language, both verbal and nonverbal. Hispanics expect health care personnel to be warm in personal and express a strong need to be treated with dignity. H ealthcare providers are expected to exhibit confidence, and many Hispanics/Latinos expect a more paternalistic attitude from healthcare providers . Verify understanding through encouraging questions, using comprehensions checks and by using teach-back methods.

31. Traditional Medicine Approach Traditionally, Hispanics have utilized healers. Healers were an important part of the Hispanic culture. Home remedies were the first line of treatment. These remedies were teas, made from various fruits, herbs, and spices. If the use of home remedies and the assistance of a senora/ abuela had no effect on the illness then the individual had the option to consult either a yerbero (herbalist), sobador (message therapist), or partera (midwife) depending on the type of infliction. Hispanics generally use multiple methods to treat themselves which involve prayer, folk medicine, prescription medications left over from friends as well as new medications prescribed by physicians.

32. Traditional Medicine Approach

33. ASSESSMENT & REFLECTION Cultural issues play a major role in patient compliance. It is essential that healthcare providers are knowledgeable of and respect the healthcare values and beliefs that the culture holds. Nurses that demonstrate cultural competency will ultimately be able to provide better quality care to patients of the Hispanic origin. Nurses can incorporate “cultural awareness” into their practice by acknowledging and respecting patients’ worldviews, particularly their perception of illness.

34. ASSESSMENT & REFLECTION Understanding diverse communication patterns and remaining non-judgmental during provision of care can help nurses to provide culturally appropriate care. Identified access to culturally responsive care as a key strategy to increase health service utilization among Hispanics/Latinos, particularly when services included culturally competent practices such as race/ethnicity matching, as well as language, regional culture, and belief system congruence. Every culture has beliefs about health, disease, treatment, and health care providers.

35. ASSESSMENT & REFLECTION People within any cultural group are not homogeneous, even though they may hold many beliefs, practices, and institutions in common. Messages and materials must respect the variations within cultural groups Understanding how social, structural, psychological,and cultural factors affect physical health and being sensitive to these factors can make an important difference health outcomes

36. ASSESSMENT & REFLECTION Beliefs affect: – how and from whom a person will seek care, – how self-care is managed, – how health choices are made, and often, – how a patient responds to a specific therapy