Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and.pptx

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1. Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology - ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

2. The Six (6) Major Themes of Innovation Transportation - allowed people to go places and discover new horizons. People travelled in search for food and better locations for settlement. Communication – people needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping is also an important aspect to document trades made, and to keep records of their history and culture. Weapons and Armors – for the establishment of alliances with other tribes. Developed for security and protection.

3. The Six (6) Major Themes of Innovation • Conservation of life – for the prevention and cure of illnesses. • Engineering – allowed men to build structures to address their specific needs and wants. • Architecture – considered as the status symbol among nations on how they advanced their technologies.

4. Sumerian Civilization Located in the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia or the Fertile Crescent

5. Sumerian Civilization 1 . Cuneiform –first writing system that utilized word pictures and triangular symbols carved on clay using wedge instruments. 2. Uruk City – considered to be the first true city. Used mud or clay that is mixed with reeds to produce sunbaked bricks. 3 . The Great Ziggurat of Ur – also called the mountain of god, built like the Uruk City. Served as a sacred place for their chief god

6. Sumerian Civilization 4. Irrigation and Dikes – brings water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. 5. Sailboats 6 . Wheel – made not for transportation but for farm work and food processing (i.e. milling of grains). 7 . Plow – to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. 8 . Roads – facilitates faster and easier travel. Made of sunbaked bricks laid on the ground, then poured over with bitumen – a black sticky substance similar to asphalt.

7. Babylonian Civilization Babylonian Civilization Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Known as great builders and architects.

8. Egyptian Civilization Emerged on North Africa, along the Nile River Delta. Known for engineering, architecture, and practical things that are still in use today.

9. Egyptian Civilization Paper/ Papyrus – addressed the issues on the use of clay tablets. This is a more portable and stronger material for record-keeping. Made from papyrus – a plant (reed) that grew abundantly along the Nile River. Ink – created by combining soot with different chemicals to produce different colors. Also used for record-keeping. Hieroglyphics – system of writing using symbols.

10. Egyptian Civilization 4 . Cosmetics – to improve and highlight the facial features of a person, functioned as both for health and aesthetic reasons. Kohl – created by mixing soot or malachite with mineral galena. 5. Wig – worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic reasons. Protected the bald heads from sun’s rays. 6. Water Clock/Clepsydra – utilizes gravity to use for timekeeping

11. Greek Civilization Alarm Clock – designed by Plato to signal the start of his lectures. Water Mill – used the flow of water to propel mills used in milling grains for food. Minimized the need for raising of livestock used for milling.

12. Roman Civilization Newspaper – known as gazettes. This contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people. Bound Books/ Codex – stacked papers bound by wax, at first, then animal skin.

13. Roman Civilization 3. Architecture – considered to be a continuation of the Greek Architecture. Characterized by the use of arches, domes, and columns. 4. Roman Numerals - standardized the counting method to meet the increasing need for communication and trade concerns.

14. Chinese Civilization Silk – developed the technology to harvest silk. Tea – beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

15. Chinese Civilization 3. Great Wall of China 4. Gunpowder – a mix of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate. Initially thought by the Chinese to be an elixir (a potion for eternal life). GREAT WALL OF CHINA GUN POWDER

16. Mesoamerican Civilizations Mayan Civilization Looms – a device used to create fabrics from fibers. Rubber Products – utilized the sap of rubber trees (latex)

17. Mesoamerican Civilizations Incan Civilization 1. Quipu – a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret.

18. Aztec Civilization Chinampa – agricultural technology in which the land is divided into rectangular areas surrounded by canals. . Chocolates – from the Aztec word xocolatl Canoe - A dugout canoe was very useful for navigating the canals and lake surrounding Tenochtitlan . These canoes were made from hollowed-out logs burned by fire.

19. Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science and Technology Medieval Inventions Modern Inventions Philippine Inventions

20. Medieval/ Middle Ages Also called as the “Dark Ages” due to the dominance of the Roman Catholic Church. This has led to the decline in the scientific advancements. Civilizations has slowly transitioned to establish larger settlements like cities, where it is surrounded by large areas of agricultural lands. Feudalism and monarchy dominated the political and economic landscape

21. Medieval/ Middle Age Printing Press – invented by Johann Gutenberg. Used fruit juices as ink, and metal impression of letters (negative) to produce an impression on paper (positive) Microscope – a device that could magnify things invisible to the naked eye. Zacharias Janssen invented the first compound microscope.

22. Medieval/ Middle Age Telescope – an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects War Weapons – long range weapons like cannons, arrows, trebuchets and catapults. Defensive tools/infrastructure like armors, chainmail, walls, fortresses and citadels.

23. Modern Ages • Kickstarted by the First Industrial Revolution, where populations started to concentrate in large cities. • Characterized by the spread of large urban sprawls, the use of and dependence on machines for mass production, and the reliance on fossil fuels.

24. Modern ages Modern Ages Pasteurization – invented by Louis Pasteur. The process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster. Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum. Producing different products from crude oil through refining/ distilling

25. Modern Ages Engine-Powered Plane – by American brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright. The first enginepowered aircraft was launched in 1903, and it spurred the age of powered flights. Television – by John Logie Baird. A device capable of projecting images to a screen