Historical Development of Microbiology.pptx

Brief history of the development of microbiology

1. Historical Development of Microbiology Emerson C. Soriano Biology - Chemistry

2. Objectives Identify and explain the impacts of infectious diseases that changed history and in the study of microbiology; Identify the different proponents and their contributions of the study of microbiology;

3. Microbes Have Changed History Microbes working with us: Food preservation and preparation for instance Beer, wine, bread, cheese, sauerkraut, yogurt… Microbes working against us: Many microbial diseases have altered the outcome of historical events . Although not always recognized at the time, microbes have dramatically altered human history.

4. Impact of Infectious Disease Average life span: Bronze age 26 yrs Medieval Europe (400 – 1500 ad) 30 yrs Early 20th century 50 – 64 yrs Now world average 67.2 years (USA., 78.1)

5. Microbes Have Changed Science Developments in microbiology altered our views of the scope, diversity, and origin of life The germ theory altered our views on the cause, treatment, and prevention of illness The advent of molecular biology and initial advances in genetics were largely driven by microbiologists Microbiology and its offshoots represent the majority of modern biological science

6. Girolamo Fracastoro ( Fracastorius ), an Italian physician. During the 1500’s, he was able to observe occurrence of epidemics of syphilis and typhus. in 1546, in his book De Contagione , he proposed that epidemic diseases are caused by tiny particles that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. the name syphilis was derived from Fracastoro’s 1530 epic poem in 3 books about a shepherd named Syphilus .

7. 1660: Robert Hooke (1635-1703) published "Micrographia", containing drawings and detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the time.

8. 1676: Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first person to observe microorganisms. discovered bacteria, protozoans, microscopic algae and nematode. He described hundreds of what he thought were tiny, living animals which he called “animalcules”. he was also able to observe sperm cells, blood cells, and much more He opened up an entire world of microscopic life to the awareness of scientists and in the 17th century convinced scientists of the existence of miroorganisms . He was thus named Father of Microbiology

9. 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from flies will not spontaneously produce maggots.

10. 1710 Louis Joblot (1645 – 1723) French mathematician Boiled hay infusions Open container became cloudy Sealed container remained clear Argued that contamination come from outside of the container

11. 1745 John Needham (1713 – 1781) English scientist Boiled mutton broth Growth observed in both open and closed flasks after boiling Inadequate boiling probably Argued that the growth was intrinsic to the nature of the broth

12. 1768 Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 – 1799) Italian priest Repeated Needham’s experiment Boiled sealed flasks No growth in flasks until opened Argued that Needham must have contaminated his flask when closing it

13. 1836 Franz Schulze (1815 – 1873) After Priestly discovered oxygen Unheated gasses passed through concentrated acid or base solutions No growth observed in boiled broth media

14. 1864 Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895) French microbiologist Used swan-necked flasks Untreated air allowed in and out of flasks No growth in undisturbed flasks Contacting the broth with the dust results in rapid microbial growth

15. 1834 Oliver Wendell Holmes American physician –Observed the apparent spread of puerperal fever ( Streptococcus ) by health care providers Published findings with guidelines to reduce transmission Results largely ignored for twenty years

16. 1841 Ignatz Semmelweiss Vienna physician - Puerperal fever outbreak was severe in his hospital Observed a difference in incidence in clinical wards Forced hand washing with chlorinated lime solutions Before germ theory Unpublished and largely ignored

17. 1862 Louis Pasteur French microbiologist - Was contacted by wine producers with a problem the wine was going sour Pasteur thought that the wine was “infected” with detrimental microbes He briefly heated the wine to kill these microbes Advent of pasteurization Also postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, people can too This is the beginning of the germ theory of disease -the concept that specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism.

18. 1867 Joseph Lister British surgeon - Applied germ theory to the treatment and prevention of disease Used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean wounds and operating rooms Disinfection Antisepsis

19. 1854 John Snow British doctor Cholera outbreak in Soho Tracked incidence in the population Traced source to contaminated drinking water Epidemiology

20. 1876: Robert Koch (1843-1910). German microbiologist Contemporary of Pasteur Worked on anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera Used pure cultures Developed the germ theory of disease Described several postulates for proving the etiological agent of disease (1884)

21. " Koch's postulates " (1884), the critical test for the involvement of a microorganism in a disease: The agent must be present in every case of the disease. The agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro. The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host. The agent must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host.

22. 1789 Edward Jenner English physician - Studied smallpox outbreaks Variolation had been used Rather dangerous Cowpox was noted to cause mild lesions in milk maids Used the cowpox virus (vaccinia) to protect against smallpox The first “vaccination”

23. Advent of Chemotherapy Aniline dyes were observed to inhibit microbial growth Salvarsan - discovered by Paul Ehrlich (1908) Arsenic compound that inhibited syphilis Penicillin – Alexander Fleming (1928) Commercially available in the 1939 Protosil - first sulfa-drug Gerhard Domagk (1935) Also the first drug to be used commercially Streptomycin – Selman Waksman and Alber Schatz (1944) isolated antibiotics produced by actinomycetes, most notably streptomycin, the first effective pharmaceutical treatment for tuberculosis, cholera, and typhoid fever. They also isolated neomycin, used as a topical antibacterial agent.

24. Molecular Biology Many of the most critical development of modern molecular biology were worked out in microbes Griffith and Avery study transformation Lederberg developed bacterial genetics Meselson and Stahl studied DNA replication Hershey and Chase study bacteriophage Howard Berg performed first cloning Keri Mullis developed PCR We will revisit these scientists throughout the course.

25. History-Altering Microbes The possibility of such an occurrence happening firstly in Sumer c.2000 BCE, the site of the world’s first cities, followed by the Indus Valley Civilization c.1900 - 1350 BCE, Pharaonic Egypt during the 18th Dynasty c.1350 BCE, Haft Tappeh in Elam c.1350 BCE, then the end of the Hittite Empire c.1200 BCE, and finally the end of the Bronze Age in the Near East c.1200 BCE. Infectious diseases such as influenza, measles, polio, tuberculosis, dysentery, malaria, typhoid, leprosy and finally the “big two” infectious disease epidemics namely smallpox and plague; decimated the ancient world.

26. An image of a blind harpist adorns the walls of the tomb of Nakht and his wife Tawy . Trachoma, an infectious eye disease, was common in ancient Egypt and remains a leading cause of blindness today.  Some of the earliest references are over 4000 years old.  Akkadian clay tablets  of incantations from the ancient city-state of Ur, unearthed in modern-day Nuffar , Iraq and dated to ca. 2100-2000 BCE, include a fascinating exchange between Marduk , the God of Healing and his father Enki. Striking is the tone of despair – the suggestion of even divine impotence in the face of the still-now incurable disease: “Oh! my Father! Concerning a man whom […] a rabid dog attacks, and to whom passes its venom […], I do not know what I shall do for that man,” Marduk admits.

27. Malaria - Plasmodium falciparum ( Protozoan ) Mosquito-borne infectious disease Thought to have killed Alexander the Great (323 BC) Still an important pathogen: Infects ~400,000,000 annually Kills ~2,000,000 annually that is over 5,000 every day!

28. Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis ( Bacterium ) Vector-borne septicemia Black Death (1347-1351) Between 25-40% of Europe died Loss of laborers contributed to the collapse of the feudal system Lead to the Peasant’s Revolt of 1381 Still endemic around the world Doctor beak from Roman engraving, 1656 Physician attire for protection from the Bubonic plague

29. • The Sedlec Ossuary, small Roman Catholic chapel, located in the Czech Republic. • Contains ~ 40,000-70,000 human skeletons which have been artistically arranged to form decorations and furnishings for the chapel. • Many of these bones were from bubonic plague victims.

30. Smallpox ( Virus ) Directly transmissible disease This disease was a big problem in Europe and Asia. Deadly disease that, in survivors, can cause disfigurement and blindness. Caused two airborne virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.Variola major has a 40% mortality rate Hern án Cortéz landed in Mexico in 1519 Smallpox was brought to the Americas Aztec civilization was decimated Spanish rule over the region was enabled Eliminated by vaccination in 1979 Now still possible weapon of bioterrorism.

31. Potato Blight - Phytophthora infestans ( Fungus?? ) Irish potato famine (1845-1849) Potato crops were wiped out ~1,000,000 starved to dead ~2,000,000 emigrated Many came to the United States in the mid-1800s Still a chronic problem for potato farmers

32. Influenza Infectious disease caused by RNA viruses in the family Orthomyxoviridae. Spanish flu pandemic 1918; more than 50 million deaths. In the U.S. seasonal flu kills thousands of people every year (mainly very young and old). Q: How is pandemic influenza different from seasonal flu?

33. AIDS Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency) virus , a retrovirus that infects T-cells of the immune system. More than 25 million people have died from since it was recognized in 1981. With anti-retroviral drug therapy, more, and more people are living with AIDS. New breakthroughs in anti-retroviral drugs can reduce contagiousness and transmission of HIV.

34. HBV Hepatitis B = infectious inflammatory illness of the liver caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). Virus transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Risk of HBV transmission from carrier 10 – 35%. Health care workers high risk group. The hepatitis B virus is 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV. HBV infection may be either acute (self-limiting) or chronic (long-standing). Persons with self-limiting infection clear the infection spontaneously within weeks to months.

35. SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the SARS coronavirus, an enveloped RNA virus. One near pandemic to date, with 8,096 known infected cases and 774 deaths (fatality rate of 9.6%). Within a matter of weeks in early 2003, SARS spread from a province of China to infect individuals in 37 countries. Majority of those who became sick were household contacts and health care workers.