History & overview of Bioprocess Technology.pptx

Bioprocess technology is a field that merges biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop processes that harness living cells or their components (like enzymes) for the production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food, and biofuels. This multidisciplinary field has evolved significantly over the past few decades, playing a crucial role in various industries.

1. History, Overview of Bioprocess Technology By Dr. P. Berciyal Golda AP/BT/VICAS Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

2. Introduction Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services. Biotechnology is the use of biology to develop new products, methods and organisms intended to improve human health and society. Biotechnology, often referred to as biotech, has existed since the beginning of civilization with the domestication of plants, animals and the discovery of fermentation. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

3. F ather of biotechnology Karl Ereky ., ( German: Karl Ereky ; 20 October 1878 – 17 June 1952) was a Hungarian agricultural engineer. The term 'biotechnology' was coined by him in 1919 . In 1919, Hungarian agricultural engineer Karl Ereky foresaw a time when biology could be used for turning raw materials into useful products. He coined the term biotechnology to describe that merging of biology and technology . Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

4. History Introduction Bioprocessing, the use of living organisms or their components to produce valuable products, is a cutting-edge field that has revolutionized industries such as pharmaceuticals, food and beverage, and biofuels. No other species has externally harnessed the evolutionary power and complexity of microorganisms. Throughout history, civilizations have harnessed the power of biology to create a wide range of products and processes, laying the groundwork for the modern bioprocessing techniques we use today. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

5. Ancient Times The origins of bioprocessing can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China , where early humans discovered the beneficial properties of various microorganisms and plants. These early societies practiced fermentation, a form of bioprocessing, to produce food and beverages, such as bread, beer, and wine. Fermentation is a natural process where microorganisms break down complex organic compounds into simpler compounds, resulting in the production of alcohol, lactic acid, and other useful compounds. For instance, the ancient Egyptians used yeast, a type of fungus, to ferment grains and produce beer, which was not only a source of sustenance but also had religious and social significance. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

6. A Syrian mercenary drinking beer in the company of his Egyptian wife and child, c. 1350 BC. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

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8. Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek, 1632 – 1723 This self-taught Dutch scientist is often referred to as “the Father of Microbiology”, indeed, it is thanks to him that microbiology was recognised as an actual serious science. In the 1670s he became interested in making lenses and built his first microscope. Using this, he discovered the first microscopic life – microbes – which he called ‘ animalcules ’ (which is Latin for ‘tiny animals’). Antonie Phillips van Leewenhoek circa1759 is known as the father of microbiology and the microscope due to his early study of bacteria. He was a Dutch scientist. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

9. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch, who saw microbes when he was polishing lens he saw microbes. He went on to observe and record the existence of bacteria, spermatozoa and red blood cells. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

10. Louis Pasteur, 1822 – 1895 It’s fair to say that the history of bioprocessing would have been a scientific dead-end, if not for the breakthroughs of Louis Pasteur. In 1857, he discovered that the yeast so beloved of brewers and bakers since time began, is actually a living cell. Twenty years later he showed that some types of bacteria could be used to kill anthrax cells. By describing the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and (naturally) pasteurization, his research led to a widespread understanding of how diseases are caused, how they are spread and (most crucially) how they can be prevented. This directly laid the foundations of hygiene, public health and much of modern medicine. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

11. Louis Pasteur is best known for inventing  the process that bears his name, pasteurization . Pasteurization kills microbes and prevents spoilage in beer, milk, and other goods. Father of bacteriology, father of bioprocess Louis Pasteur developed  the vaccine against rabies . Rabies is caused by Rhabdovirus and affects the central nervous system of an animal. It can affect all mammals and spreads via the saliva of an infected animal transmitted through animal bites. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

12. Sir Alexander Fleming, 1881 – 1955 Although antibiotics had been used in a crude fashion for over 2,000 years, they were not understood and could not be employed clinically in a coherent way. That is, until 1928 when a Scottish physician and microbiologist noticed – in a pioneering moment of bioprocessing brilliance – that a mold contaminating a petri dish caused bacterial death. This extremely fortunate accident – witnessed by the right person at the right moment – led to Sir Alex identifying the world’s first broadly effective antibiotic, which he named penicillin after the mould Penicillium Rubens. That one discovery has been described as the “single greatest victory ever achieved over disease.”   father of antibiotics Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

13. 1. History of Bioprocessing 10,000 - 7,000 BC 7,000 - 5,000 BC 5,000 BC 4,000 BC 500 BC - 0 - 50 AD ? Wine making develops in Eastern Mediterranean. Dionysus credited with invention. Beer develops in Egypt and Babylon. Cheese making - some medicinal properties believed Yeast used for leavening bread. Vinegar referenced in old testament. Algae cultivated for food by Aztecs. Yogurt, sauces and fermented meats in orient 1600 1680 1781 1798 1837 Fermentation used (latin for “yeast” = fermentum), meaning a chemical change accompanied by effervescence. Van Leeuwenhoek observed yeast cells in fermented beer. Pressed Baker’s Yeast produced by Dutch Process . Improvement in handling of yeast through mid-1800s. Jenner demonstrated ability to confer resistance to smallpox by vaccination. Cagniard-Latour , Schwann and Kutzing independently hypothesized that yeast was a “living thing.” Cell Theory . Notion ridiculed by leading chemists. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

14. 1847 1856 1859 1877 Blondeau (Physics professor) studied fermentations of lactic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid and urea. Hypothesized that different fermentations carried out by different fungi. Pasteur demonstrated that living yeast cells ferment sugar into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Pasteur noted cylindrical organisms produce butyric acid only in absence of oxygen. Darwin publishes The Origin of Species. Pasteur noted relationship between microorganisms and infectious disease. 1881 1916 - 1918 Koch developed techniques for the handling and maintenance of pure cultures of organisms. Heralded modern industrial fermentation technology. Commercial production of lactic acid by an anaerobic fermentation. Takamine patented process to isolate diastatic enzymes from molds (enzymes which break down starch in malt). Germany produces Baker’s Yeast grown on molasses as a protein supplement, and produces glycerol by fermentation. Great Britain produces acetone and butanol by an anaerobic process requiring a pure strain. (Last acetone-butanol fermentation in RSA until mid-1980s.) 1894 Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

15. Commercial production of citric acid by surface cultures. (In 1989 100% of the world production - 350,000 t - is by submerged fermentation.) Fleming demonstrated that a mold contaminant in a petri dish caused bacterial death. Florey and Chain isolated penicillin, elucidated its structure and demonstrated its bactericidal properties. 1923 1929 1940 CH 3 O S C C H C O CH 3 C N O H R O _ Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

16. Overview of Bioprocess Technology Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

17. Introduction Bioprocessing is the creation of useful products through the use of a living thing -usually cells or cell components, viruses, or an entire organism. End products can be anything from biofuels produced from algae , or antibiotics created from mold , such as penicillin. Beer produced from yeast is another example of bioprocessing. Given the diversity of applications for bioprocessing and the complexity of the steps involved, this field requires proficiency in many areas of science including chemistry, biochemistry, biology, microbiology, and chemical engineering. Bioprocess Technology Unit 1

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