History and Background of Romanticism

The history of Romanticism and its other form of arts with examples and the Neoclassicism and Romanticism in the Philippines

1. ROMANTICISM

2. How Romantic art got its name? The word “romance” had multiple meanings during its long history, but in the context of art, it’s a reference to strong emotions associated with an art style that was prevalent at the dawn of the 19th century.

3. The mid-1600s ushered in the Age of Enlightenment (or “Age of Reason”) , which was a period that glorified rational thinking, secularism and scientific progress. The first operational steam engine, built in 1712, could be regarded as the beginning of the Industrial Revolution which later swept the Western hemisphere. Steam engines and cotton mills symbolized that Industrial Revolution. Industrialization transformed economies of Western Europe and North America, driving them from dependence on agriculture to manufacturing. However, at the turn of the 19th century, not everyone believed that science and reason could possibly explain everything. Their reaction against the ongoing industrialization became a comprehensive movement – Romanticism. They looked beyond reason, and sought inspiration in intuition and imagination. Being emotionally engaged was the ultimate aim of their artwork.

4. ROMANTICISM, SOCIETY, AND REVOLUTION The French Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau taught that people are naturally good but have been corrupted by the institutions of civilization. He idealized the noble savage , an individual unspoiled by luxury and sophistication, and he argued that in a virtuous society children would grow up honest and free. Influenced by these ideas, many Romantics opposed political tyranny and took part in liberal and revolutionary activities. The revolution in America and France during the late 1700s were influenced by Romantic ideals. Many of Rousseau’s theories influenced educational theory and practice. Romanticism also became associated with economic and social reform, especially in the United States.

5. What really is Romanticism? Earliest record dated back on 1720 until early 1900 Artists from Neoclassical period sought to break new ground in the expression of emotion, both subtle and stormy A reaction to Industrial Revolution, Age of Reason, and Neoclassicism Embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, etc. Had a major impact on historiography, education, the social sciences, and the natural sciences

6. Themes depicted i n Romantic Art Far off lands The distant past Dreams Night and moonlight Rivers, lakes and forests Nature and the seasons The joy and pain of love Fairy tales The supernatural Magic

7. Characteristics of Romantic Art Height of action Emotional extremes Celebrated nature as out of control Dramatic Compositions Heightened sensations ( life and death moments).

8. AGE OF ROMANTICISM Sentimentalism Preromanticism Early Romanticism Late Romanticism

9. SENTIMENTALISM A strong early Romantic trend, came to Russia from Europe in the 1790s. Followers of this movement emphasized the importance of feelings and imagination but continues to use Classical forms in poetry.

10. PREROMANTICISM Another group of writers of the early 1800s could be described as Preromantics . They showed a greater interest in nature than previous romantic writers.

11. EARLY ROMANTICISM A new generation of poets appeared during the 1820s, as the Golden Age of Russian poetry began. These poets also combines Classical forms with Romantic sentiments. However, the early Romantics showed a greater concern for individual freedom and were interested in a broader range of subjects.

12. LATE ROMANTICISM Featured a new freedom of form and style and a focus on human feelings and passions . In the 1830s, this movement also stressed the deep significance of dreams, visions, and fantasies . Some Late Romantic Russian literature addressed political and moral corruption.

13. Romanticism in Literature

14. “To see a world in a grain of sand, And heaven in a wild flower, Hold infinity in the palm of your hand, And eternity in an hour” -William Blake’s “Auguries of Innocence

15. Romantic literature is marked by 6 primary characteristics

16. 1. Celebration of Nature Romantic writers saw nature as a teacher and a source of infinite beauty. One of the most famous works of Romanticism is John Keats’ To Autumn (1820): Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,- While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day, And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue; Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn Among the river sallows , borne aloft Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies; Keats’ personifies the seasons and follows its progression from the initial arrival after summer, through the harvest season, and finally to autumn’s end as winter takes its place.

17. 2. Focus on the Individual and Spirituality Romantic writers turned inward, valuing the individual experience above all else. This in turn led to heightened sense of spirituality in Romantic work, and the addition of occult and supernatural elements. The work of Edgar Allan Poe exemplifies this aspect of the movement; for example, The Raven  tells the story of a man grieving for his dead love (an idealized woman in the Romantic tradition) when a seemingly sentient Raven arrives and torments him, which can be interpreted literally or seen as a manifestation of his mental instability.

18. 3. Celebration of Isolation and Melancholy Related to the insistence on isolation, melancholy is a key feature of many works of Romanticism, usually seen as a reaction to inevitable failure-writers wished to express the pure beauty they perceived and failure to do so adequately resulted in despair like the sort expressed by Percy Bysshe Shelley in A Lament : O world! O life! O time! On whose last steps I climb. Trembling at that where I had stood before; When will return the glory of your prime? No more—Oh, never more!

19. 4. Interest in the Common Man William Wordsworth was one of the first poets to embrace the concept of writing that could be read, enjoyed, and understood by anyone. He eschewed overly stylized language and references to classical works in favor of emotional imagery conveyed in simple, elegant language, as in his most famous poem  I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud : I wandered lonely as a Cloud That floats on high o'er vales and Hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden Daffodils; Beside the Lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

20. 5. Idealization of Women In works such as Poe’s  The Raven , women were always presented as idealized love interests, pure and beautiful, but usually without anything else to offer. Ironically, the most notable novels of the period were written by women (Jane Austen, Charlotte Brontë , and Mary Shelley, for example), but had to be initially published under male pseudonyms because of these attitudes. Much Romantic literature is infused with the concept of women being perfect innocent beings to be adored, mourned, and respected—but never touched or relied upon.

21. 6. Personification and Pathetic Fallacy Romantic literature’s fixation on nature is characterized by the heavy use of both personification and pathetic fallacy. Mary Shelley used these techniques to great effect in  Frankenstein : Its fair lakes reflect a blue and gentle sky; and, when troubled by the winds, their tumult is but as the play of a lively infant, when compared to the roarings of the giant ocean. Romanticism continues to influence literature today; Stephenie Meyers’ Twilight   novels are clear descendants of the movement, incorporating most of the characteristics of classic Romanticism despite being published a century and half after the end of the movement’s active life.

22. Romanticism in Music

23. The word “romanticism” was later taken up by musicians, to describe the changes in musical style, which took place soon after the turn of the century. Unlike Classical composers, Romantic composers aimed for a store powerful expression of emotion, often revealing their innermost thoughts and feelings. Romantic music is not just about the emotion of love, it can also be about hate or death (positive or negative feelings). Many Romantic composers also took an interest in art and literature:

24. The Main Characteristics of Romantic Music Freedom of form and design. It was more personal and emotional. Song-like melodies (lyrical), as well as many chromatic harmonies and discords. Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch. Big orchestras, due mainly to brass and the invention of the valve. Wide variety of pieces (i.e. songs up to five hour Wagner operas) Programme music (music that tells a story) Shape was brought to work through the use of recurring themes. Great technical virtuosity. Nationalism (a reaction against German influence)

25. Romanticism in Painting

26. The paintings of the Romantic period gave more emphasis on emotion. Artists express as much as feeling and passion as it could be on a canvas. PAINTERS OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD Jean - Louis Théodore Géricault was the French master and the leader of the French r ealistic School. His masterpieces were energetic, powerful, brilliantly colored , and tightly composed.

27. Charging Chasseur was his first major revealed the influence of the style of Rubens and an interest in the depiction of contemporary subject matter. The Raft of the Medusa   portrays the victims of a contemporary shipwreck. The people on this raft were French emigrants en route to West Africa.

28. Eugene Delacroix He was considered the greatest French Romantic painter of all. He achieved brilliant visual effects using small, adjacent strokes of contrasting color . He was the most influential to most of Romantic painters and eventually was adapted and extended by the Impressionist artists.

29. This painting commemorates the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France. A woman holding the flag of the French Revolution personifies Liberty and leads the people forward over the bodies of the fallen.

30. Francis Goya was a commissioned Romantic painter by the King of Spain. He was also a printmaker regarded as the last of the “Old Masters” and the first of the “Modern” Goya’s masterpiece that sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon’s armies during the accupation of 1808 in the Peninsula War.

31. Romantic Painting (Landscape Painting) Landscape painting depicts the physical world that surrounds us and includes features such as mountains, valleys, vegetations , and bodies of water. The sky is another important element shaping the mood of landscape paintings. Famous landscape artists during the Romantic Period: Théodore Rousseau   Jean-Baptist-Camille Corot

32. Der kleine Fisher The Church of Marissel , near Beauvais

33. How to identify Romantic art? The skies are gloomy or cloudy as a sign of imminent danger and fear of the unknown, e.g. Wanderer above the Sea of Fog by Caspar David Friedrich. A focus on nature – mystical landscapes with dark mysterious ambience; dark in both a literal and figurative sense, e.g. Der Heuwagen by John Constable. Dramatic scenes of man or nature, occasionally with undertones of nature’s triumph over man, e.g. The Course of Empire Destruction 1836 by Cole Thomas.

34. How to identify Romantic art? The sky is prominent and overwhelming, often taking over around half of the painting, e.g. Venice Grand Canal by Joseph Mallord William Turner . Dramatic scenes (similar to Baroque art but) painted in visible brushstrokes, as typical of the Romantic style, e.g. Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix . Horrific and gothic images, where faces express feelings such as intense pain, anguish, anger or fear, e.g. Saturn Devouring his Son by Francisco de Goya .

35. Wanderer Above The Sea Of Fog Caspar David Friedrich

36. Der Heuwagen John Constable

37. The Course of Empire Destruction 1836 Cole Thomas

38. Venice Grand Canal Joseph Mallord William Turner.

39. Liberty leading t he People Eugène Delacroix

40. Saturn Devouring His Son Francisco De Goya

41. Romanticism in Architecture

42. Gothic Revival Architecture ( Neogothic ) Gothic Revival, also referred to as Victorian Gothic or Neo-Gothic, is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. Many of the Neogothic buildings feature castellation in which the walls and towers are crenelated in imitation of medieval castles. Gothic Revival became widely used for churches and civic buildings throughout the West, especially in Britain and the United States. Bricks and stones were commonly used.

43. The   Houses of Parliament  in London, built in a Gothic revival style by  Charles Barry  between 1840 and 1876.

44. James Renwick’s American work; the St. Patricks Cathedral ( New York)

45. In Britain, notable examples include the  Royal Pavillion  in Brighton , a romantic version of traditional Indian architecture by  John Nash   ( 1815–1823)

46. In France, one of the earliest examples of romantic architecture is the  Hameau de la Reine , the small rustic hamlet created at the  Palace of Versailles  for Queen Marie Antoinette  between 1783 and 1785 by the royal architect   Richard Mique with the help of the romantic painter  Hubert Robert

47. The romantic style continued in the second half of the 19th century. The   Palais Garnier , the Paris opera house designed by  Charles Garnier  was a highly romantic and eclectic combination of artistic styles. Another notable example of late 19th century romanticism is the  Basilica of Sacré-Cœur  by  Paul Abadie .

48. Romanticism in Sculpture

49. Romantic sculpture can be divided into works that concern about the human world and those that concern the natural world. The leading sculptor of each type were Rude and Barye . Francois Rude was best known for his social art which aimed to inspire and capture the interest of a broad public.

50. Departure of the Volunteers known as the La Marseillaise , this work portrays the goddess liberty urging the forces of the French Revolution onward. JEANNE d’ARC

51. Antoine- Louis Barye He was the most famous animal sculptor of all time. He studied the anatomy of his subjects by sketching residents of the Paris zoo. Famous works: Hercules Sitting on a Bull Theseus Slaying the Minotaur

52. Neo- Classicism and Romanticism in the Philippines

53. Here in the Philippines, the ideology of Neoclassicism and Romanticism can be seen through various major artworks such as paintings, sculptures and architectural structures. Some of the well-known contributing artists express their skills and ideas in their own respective field of specialization.

54. Juan Luna “ Spoliarium ” Fernando Cueto Amorsolo “Planting Rice With Mayon Volcano”

55. PAMBANSANG BANTAYOG NI ANDRES BONIFACIO Guillermo Estrella Tolentino SIYAM NA DIWATA NG SINING Napoleon Isabelo Veloso Abueva

56. There is an Article by R.G. Chan & Associates that discusses some of the Neoclassical and Romantic Architecture during the American colonization in the Philippines, shown in the next slide are the pictures of some of the building that time.

57. Manila Post Office Cebu Normal University

58. University of the Philippines Manila Zamboanga Normal University

59. Bontoc Catholic Church Bureau of Science and Insular Laboratory

60. Thank You!