HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY.pptx

PG AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY,SRI PARAMAKALYANI COLLEGE,ALWARKURICHI-627 412.

1. SRI PARAMAKALYANI COLLEGE, Reacredited with B grade with the CGPA of 2.71 in the second cycle of NAAC Affiliated to Manonmaniyum Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli. ALWARKURICHI-627412 Post graduate & Research centre – Department of Microbiology ( government aided ) 2 nd SEM CORE: IMMUNOLOGY ( ZMBM22 ) UNIT – 1 HISTORY & DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGY Submitted by, VASIMA. A REG. NO: 20211232516125 1 st M.SC MICROBIOLOGY Submitted to, GUIDE: DR. S. VISHWANATHAN, PH.D., ASSISTANT PROFESSOR & HEAD SPKC – ALWARKURICHI.

2. SYNOPSIS: INTRODUCTION. THE ORIGIN OF DISEASE. VARIOLATION. VACCINATION. CONTRIBUTION OF SCIENTISTS. FIRST VACCINE AGAINST FOWL CHOLERA. DISCOVERIES. REFERENCES.

3. Introduction to Immunology: Immunology is a study of how the body protect itself against infectious diseases caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and also parasitic organisms. Everyday our body comes in contact with several pathogens. But only a few results into disease. The reason is our body has the ability to release antibodies against these pathogens and protect the body against diseases.

4. INTRODUCTION: The term ‘immune’ derives from the Latin word immunis immunis - exempt ( in Latin ) immunis - protection from disease ( in English )

5. SMALL POX: THE ORIGIN OF A DISEASE: Smallpox was the deadly human disease which killed thousands of people. The eleventh century, the Chinese discovered, that persons who survived an attack of small pox did not get the disease a second time. Therefore they started the practice of infecting young children with smallpox.

6. VARIOLATION : Scabs from the pocks on the skin of an infected person were either put into the nose of infants or rubbed on to scratch on the skin. The technique is known as variolation ( variola means smallpox in Latin ) Children who survived after the resulting disease became resistant to smallpox. But many died as a result of this crude practice. The Chinese later discovered that when the smallpox scabs were selected from mildly affected individuals the effect of the disease was much milder.

7. SMALL POX DISEASE

8. VARIOLATION

9. Small pox Innoculation by Montangu: The news of protecting children against smallpox gradually spread to Central Asia and finally to Turkey. In 1718, Lady Mary Montangu, used this technique ( variolation ) for her children and succeeded. As a result of inoculation, smallpox was far less virulent in Turkey 

10. LADY MARY MONTANGU Innoculated against smallpox almost 80 years before Jenner’s vaccine.

11. VACCINATION: In 1774, an English farmer named Benjamin Jestly, used cowpox against smallpox. He used dried scab material from cattle infected with cowpox to variolate his children with a hope to protect them. Cowpox is a skin disease of cattle that is caused by virus closely related to smallpoc virus. It also mildly affects the humans.

12. Edward Jenner: In 1798, Edward Jenner, a physician, learned about the use of cowpox scabs from humans and decided to investigate the matter further. Jenner cunducted many experiments and concluded that cowpox not only protected against smallpox but also could be transmitted from one person to another as a deliberate mechanism of protection.  Jenner’s technique of vaccination ( vacca means cow in Latin ) rapidly replaced variolation.

13. Conti… In May 1796, Edward Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions on her hands and arms . On May 14, 1796, using matter from Nelms' lesions, he inoculated an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps. Subsequently, the boy developed mild fever and discomfort in the axillae. Nine days after the procedure he felt cold and had lost his appetite, but on the next day he was much better. 

14. Conti… In July 1796, Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion. No disease developed, and Jenner concluded that protection was complete . The hand of Sarah Nelms. Photo courtesy of the National Library of Medicine.

15. JENNER’S EXPERIMENT AGAINST SMALLPOX

16. LOUIS PATEUR: Louis pasteur, the French chemist who lived in the 19th century, is famous for developing fundamental scientific concepts. Pasteur is also recognized for his work on vaccines; he was the first scientist to use live viruses in vaccinations. Pasteur’s work in infectious diseases was momentous for the development of the rabies and  anthrox  vaccines specifically. 

17. Pasteur’s Experiment: While working with  chikens , Pasteur left cultures of fowl cholera in his laboratory and went on vacation. When he came back, he inoculated the chickens with this strain, and, miraculously, the chickens did not contract cholera. Pasteur then inoculated them with a live, fresh strain of fowl cholera, and they still did not get sick. This was when Pasteur realized that weakened strains of viruses could immunize against a disease.

18. Pasteur Experiment with Chickens

19. Vaccine against ANTHROX: Once he established the general principles of vaccination, Pasteur tried to apply it to other infectious diseases. Pasteur then shifted his work focus to anthrax, which at the time was affecting cattle. In 1881, Pasteur performed a famous public experiment in which he injected one group of animals with an anthrax vaccine he had developed, and he did not vaccinate his second, control group. After a few weeks, both groups were injected with live anthrax bacteria, and all the vaccinated animals survived. 

20. Father Of Immunology Thus he showed that the general principles of vaccination. Thus he can be applied to diseases even other than smallpox and this approach could be used to protect animals and human beings against the infection. Louis Pasteur can, therefore, be considered as founder of the science of immunology.

21. SIDE CHAIN REACTION(Antibodies): In the final decade of the 19th century, Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato developed serum therapy for the treatment of diphtheria and tetanus. The contribution of the Berlin-based bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich was vital for the production of high-quality anti-diphtheria serum that could be used to passively vaccinate humans against this deadly disease.  In 1897, Ehrlich proposed the side-chain model of immunity to account for his experimental observations .

22. Conti… During an infection, the side chains would bind to microbial toxins instead of nutrients and would thereby block the physiological functions of the side chains. To compensate, the cell would produce more side chains; these would be shed into the bloodstream, where they would accumulate and act as antitoxins or 'antibodies' , protecting against subsequent exposures to the same infection. Ehrlich would later introduce the term 'receptor' to replace 'side chain'.

23. Side chain theory PAUL EHRLICH

24. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION: In 1894, Emile Roux showed that the patients suffering from diptheria could be cured by an injection of serum from the blood of hourse immunized against diptheria.( the hourse serum thus contained antibodies of diptheria toxin ). This method was tried for other diseases also but none had succeeded in their attempts except against tetanus. This technique is known as passive immunization, is still and it used to protect against tetanus after they have received a deep wound.

25. PHAGOCYTES & OPSONIZATION: In 1882, Eli Metchinikoff demonstrated first in invertabrates and later in mammals that certain cells could eat foreign materials. He proposed that these cells which he called phagocytes ( eating cell ) were the body’s main defence against invading microorganisms. This proposal upset lot of people and provoked violent controversy. The conflict was resolved only in 1904 when Almorth in England and Joseph Denys in Belgium showed that antibodies could coat bacteria and promote their destruction by phagocytes This phenomenon is now called as ‘Opsonisation’ .

26. ABO BLOOD GROUPING: Karl Landsteiner was awarded a Nobal prize in 1930 fro his demonstration of blood groups, the complex carbohydrates found on the surface of red cells. These molecules are important in Immunology because they can stimulate a life threatening immune response. Landsteiner’s research eventually resulted in the development of successful blood transfusion procedure.

27. LANSTEINER & BLOOD GROUPING

28. Awarded To Immunologist: The history of immunology, since the beginning of twentieth century, is complex but can be outlined by summarizing the Nobal prize awarded to Immunologist. The first Nobal prize in medicine was awarded to Emil von Behring in 1901 for his work on the production of antibodies against toxins.

29. REFERENCE: 'A Textbook of Immunology & Immunotechnology’ , by Annadurai, Bdul Hakeem College, Vellore district. Kaufmann SH. Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the nobel prize to paul ehrlich and elie metchnikoff.  Nat Immunol.  (2008) Stefan H. E. Kaufmann Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.