History, Introduction & Scope Of Microbiology

FYBSc-Microbiology
SIWS College
Mumbai University

1. HISTORY, INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISM

2. USMB-101 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY Unit I 1.1History, Introduction & Scope of Microbiology Discovery of Microorganisms Conflict over spontaneous generation Golden age of Microbiology-Koch Postulates, Medical Microbiology, Immunology Development of Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology e. Scope and Relevance of Microbiology

3. f. Future of Microbiology 1.2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Functions Cell wall Cell membrane Components external to cell wall-capsule, slime layer, S layer, flagella, pili, fimbriae Cytoplasmic matrix- inclusion bodies, magnetosome , ribosome, gas vesicle Nucleoid, plasmid Bacterial endospores and their function

4. FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK

5. FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY DUTCH MERCHANT GREAT DICOVERIES EDUCATED BUT NOT GONE TO ANY UNIVERSITY LANGUAGE BARRIER 50 YEARS OF WORK

6. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE

7. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON An organization preserving and publishing scientific work Leeuwenhoek observations were shown to the members He wrote all his observations in Dutch Translated in to English published in The Proceedings

8. MATERIALS OBSERVED Seeds Embryos Teeth material RBCs Blood circulation Higher plants, animals and so on……….. Animalcules

9. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek’s Observation

10. REFERENCES FOR UNIT I General Microbiology by Stanier . Ingraham et al , 5th edition

11. CONFLICT OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Greek belief- living things originated from inanimate objects Aristotle(384-322BC)- Spontaneous generation of animals from soil, plants Virgil(70-19BC)- propagation of bees Maggots from meat when exposed to air

12. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS Francesco Redi (1626-1697)- believer of biogenesis Maggots from MEAT in presence of air ???????

13. Francesco Redi

14. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS John Needham- abiogenesis a ir essential 60-70 years gap

15. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT-used strong acids and strong alkali to treat air THEODOR SCHWAAN- used cotton filter and passed air through it

16. FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT

17. THEODOR SCHWAAN

18. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS Louis Pasteur

19. Louis Pasteur Professor of Chemistry University of Lille, France Made a special flask- Goose necked flask or Swan necked flask

20. Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

21. TYNDALL’S EXPERIMENT-1820-1893 DUST CARRIES GERMS(MICROORGANISMS )

22. Other Contribution of Pasteur Wine/ Beer industry Problems-bad wine- ropy, bitter etc. Loss of money Pasteur studied- methods and processes of wine production Objective- to produce good product

23. Pasteur’s observations Wine/beer production – microbiological process Raw materials- fruits and grains Process- fermentation Good wines-one type of M.O. predominated Bad wine- other types were also present Solutions- Select good MO Heating of finished product to destroy undesirable MO

24. Heating should not hurt the flavour Holding temperature and time-62.8 degree (145 deg faren )centigrade for an hour PASTEURIZATION Widely used in fermentation industry and Dairy

25. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Fracastoro of Verona-diseases due to invisible organisms Transmitted from one person to other Von Planciz 1762-Different germs for different diseases

26. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)- Physician- a disease of childbirth(puerperal fever), very contagious, many deaths after childbirth THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PUERPERAL FEVER (1842) Ignaz Phillip (Hungry)-use of antiseptics during obstetrical practice Death rate decreased due to infections during child birth The Cause, Concept & Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861- a book Joseph Lister (England)- importance of antisepsis

27. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Pasteur’ role- found the parasite of a silkworm disease, Pebrine after a long struggle Solution- use of healthy disease free caterpillars for breeding stock Anthrax a disease of cattles - grew mo in the flasks from the blood sample of died animals

28. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE F ather of Medical Microbiology Robert Koch(1843-1910) Germany- Anthrax problem

29. Discovered tuberculosis bacteria

30. KOCH’S POSTULATES

31. KOCH’S POSTULATES

32. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURES Pure Culture Joseph Lister- Dilution Technique (1878) Sample – milk

33. Koch’s laboratory procedures

34. Koch- liquid medium Solid medium (gelatin, agar)

35. COLONIES

36. Development of Medical Microbiology

37. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION Virulence Attenuation Antibodies

38. Chicken Cholera Experiment

39. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION Edward Jenner- used cow pox vaccine to protect people from small pox(1798) Attenuated cultures- VACCINE Vacca , a latin word- cow

40. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION Pasteur prepared vaccine against anthrax Was told to study about human diseases Prepared vaccine for rabies

41. Honours for Pasteur and Koch 1888

42. Discovery of other diseases Edwin Kleb 1883 & Frederick Loeffler-1884 Diphtheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae Toxin production- demonstrated

43. Discovery of other diseases Von Behring & Kitasato discovered tetanus Toxin (lock jaw), Clostridium tetani Antitoxin Serum therapy- Behring ( nobel prize

44. Phagocytosis Metchnikoff - leucocytes

45. Defense in the body Cells- phagocytosis Soluble substances in blood- Paul Ehrlich Paul Ehrlich- chemotherapy- antibiotic (606 th substance)-to treat syphilis (contained arsenic)- first chemotherapeutic substance) Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900

46. Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900 date disease Causative agent discoverer 1876 anthrax Bacillus anthracis Koch 1880 typhoid Salmonella typhi Eberth 1880 Malaria Plasmodium Laveran 1882 tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Koch 1885 tetanus Clostridium tetani Nicolaier 1894 plague Yersinia pestis Kitasato and Yersin 1898 dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Shiga 1905 syphilis Treponema pallidum Schaudin 1906 Whooping cough Bordella pertussis Bordet , Gengou

47. Development of Agricultural, Industrial, and Food Microbiology

48. Application of discoveries of Pasteur & Koch Soil microbiology- Sergei Winogradsky - nitrogen fixing bacteria Symbiotic relations between leguminous plants and clover, alfa-alfa

49. Importance of Pure Culture Dutch microbiologist Willeum Beijerinck (1901)- free living nitrogen bacterium Azotobacter – very useful for soil fertlity Hansen-industrial fermentation- yeast and bacteria for vinegar production Adametz from Austria –cheese production Conn & Weigmann from Germany- starter culture for butter production

50. Development of Plant Pathology Burril – fire blight in pears Mayer- mottling disease of tobacco plant Iwanowsky - viruses Hashimoto (farmer)- insects can transfer Wendell- Tobacco Mosaic Virus- isolated (Nobel Prize- 1946)

51. REFERENCES 1. Prescott, Hurley, Klein, Microbiology 7 th ed. 2. Kathleen Park Talaro & Arthur Talaro . Foundations in Microbiology, International ed.2002